Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activities of bio functionalized Ag and Au Metal Nano particles: A Review.

Introduction

A nano science technology is a technology to understand and functionalize the material size which is very close to atomic dimension. The physicochemical properties of nano sized material changes from Pico and macro size. There is significant attention of researcher towards nano particle because of its potential records.¹ in the field of medical and technology as such materials are chemically active. Especially, transition metal nano sized materials are studied over last decades for their optical, sensors, catalytic, insulating, antimicrobial properties.

Furthermore, nano sized particles of Ag, and Au are also having enormous attention and hence they are prepared through various routes such as combustion, chemical reduction, photochemical reduction², laser ablation³, microwave; sol-gel ⁴. The method thermal decomposition of the matrices produces fine particles at particular temperature. Such methods possess many adversative effects like health hazard, produces very less yield and time consuming. Many of the health hazardous effects are not known yet. Amid, biogenic synthesis is more dangerous, and require to take extreme care while synthesis. The importance material produced is in technologically functional material, practically in the field of heterogeneous catalysis and electronic sensors.

The synthesis of NPs was derived from transition and inner transition metal salts, oxides and sulphides, and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). IR, UV, Thermal Analyses (TGA, DTA). Numerous literatures have been reviewed on biological synthesis and antimicrobial activities of NPs. For the present review certain data is tabulated which is diverse than earlier. 

Biological synthesis

The synthesis using biological route ensures the formation of nano sized particles. The method was rapid and ecofriendly. The main key aspects of the route are the effortlessly availability of precursor as they are natural sources, and also there is no any special requirement to maintain physical properties corresponding high pressure, temperature, energy and specific chemicals.

Biological synthetic route by natural material mediated

The synthesis of nano particles using biological path from the precursor of plant extract mediated as leaves, fruits, flowers, roots, stem bark recently witness more attention hence environmentally favorable attempts are made. The purpose of attempt was to avoid the adverse effects in biomedical applications. The numerous varieties of plant extract as biological agent employ for the synthesis. The exhaustive literature survey was reported for the NPs synthesis using natural materials. Herein, it is reported that the biological methods are safe, cost effective, sustainable and environment friendly processes for the synthesis of NPs. 

The morphological, textural   and structural properties of the material were studied by the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermal analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) techniques.

Silver nano particles 

The production of Silver Nano particles is extremely expensive and also involved the use of hazardous chemicals, which may pose potential biological and environment problems, which leads the investigators to search for new and newer biomaterials for the fabrication of Nano materials. The demanded methods for the synthesis were easy, cost effective for their effective utilization. Hence, researcher receives considerable attentions on Greener method of synthesis. Additionally, biosynthesis method for the synthesis of nano particles using different kinds of microorganism such as bacteria and fungi are also notified. There are three important sources for the synthesis of nano particles namely bacteria, fungi and plant part extracts. It is evident the use of Solanum Xanthocarpum L. Silver nano particles (AgNps), having a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band centered at 406 nm, were synthesized by reacting SXE (as capping as well as reducing agent) with AgNO₃ during a 25 min process at 45 °C. The synthesized AgNps were characterized using UV–Visible spectrophotometry, powdered X-ray diffraction⁵ Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Jatropha curcas^6-7, and green algae Cinnamomum camphora, Botryococcus braunii, Caulerpa serrulata^8-10. Brown algae Pithophora oedogonia¹¹. Microalgae Bifurcaria bifurcate, Scendosmus sp.^12-13, and extremophillic yeast¹⁴. Fungal biosynthesis as Trichoderma viride ¹⁵, Fusarium solani¹⁶ ,Aspergillus niger¹⁷. Bacterial source as Escherichia coli¹⁸  plant part Indicum leaf extract²⁰ , as a reducing agent and characterized.

Gold nano particles

For the preparation of gold NPs employ small bio molecules and bio polymers used both in combination with other reducing and stabilizing agents.  The gold NPs are non-toxic particles with large surface area and can be modified with other molecules ²¹. Gold is a precious metal, and the synthesis of gold NPs is possible various biological agents. The Tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl₄,3H₂O) has been reduced, and synthesized to Gold Nano particles, further characterized and proved the formation of nano cages, gold nano spheres, and gold nano rods, nano wires by near infrared irradiation absorption which produces wide range of sizes.  There was the rising resistance for antibiotics therefore the researchers were expecting another therapy in the combination with gold Nano particles for betterment which is used in sensors as a drug and in drug delivery. The several techniques and resources have been employed for their synthesis. With this report we are contributing that on bio genic synthesis, a green algae mediated Prasiola Cripsa²², Biosynthesis of gold nano particles using different parts Geranium plant used.²³, bio molecules like Serum albumins liberate their chemical constituents and DNA^24-25, cashew nuts Anacardium occidentale²⁶, Banana pith extract²⁷, Fusarium oxysporum²⁸, Tuber extract of Dioscorea bulbifera, used for reduction, it requires 5-6 hours for synthesis of Au NPs²⁹.Aloe Vera³⁰, Syzygumaromaticum³¹ also it associates with green synthesis. The methods for synthesizing gold nano particles with the use of synthetic and natural biopolymers that can act simultaneously as reducing agents and surface stabilizers³³ .The biosynthesized Nanomaterial route is  shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Biological synthesis of nano material Click here to View figure

Table 1: Synthetic method, sources and activity of Silver Nano particles.

Metal NPs	Method	Source for Synthesis	Active against	References
Silver (Ag)	Biological Plant part   Biological Green algae Mediated     Brown algae   Micoalage   Biological mediated     Biological Bacteria mediated	Solanum Xanthocarpum L Berry Hibiscus rosa sinensis Jatropha curcas Cinnamomum camphora Botryococcus braunii Caulerpa serrulata Fresh water algae Pithophora oedogonia Bifurcaria bifurcate Scendosmus sps. Extremophillic yeast Trichoderma viride Fusarium solani Aspergillus niger Bacteria Escherichia coli Acillus indicus and Bacillus cecembensis	Helicobacter pylon Staphylococcus aureus Antimicrobial activity Antimicrobial activity Antimicrobial activity	[5] [6] [7] [8]   [9] [10] [11]   [12,13] [14] [15,16]   [17] [18]   [19]

Table 2: Synthetic method, sources and activity of Gold Nanoparticles

Metal NPs	Method	Source for Synthesis	Active against	References
Gold (Au)	Biological Green algae mediated Biological Plant part mediated Biological biomolecules Bacteria mediated	Prasiola Cripsa Indicum leaf extract Geranium plant Parts Cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale)  Banana pith extract Mentha piperita or peppermint Serum albumins Deoxy ribose nucleic acid (DNA)	Antimicrobial activity Bactericidal activity might become an alternative  to antibiotics used in fishery and aquaculture industry Bacillus, Pseudomonas Escherichia  coli Gram positive  Escherichia coli    Antimicrobial activity P. aerugnosa and more effective against Gram positive bacteria	[22] [20] [23,32] [26] [27] [34] [24] [28]

Conclusion

Silver and gold NPs are witnessed attention in all the fields due to their potential applications. In the present review, there is forcing need to develop an ecofriendly benign biogenic technology in the synthesis of gold and silver NPs than other toxic and chemical methods. The biosynthesis of metal silver NPs using the kind of microorganism such as fungi, bacteria, different plants and their parts like leaf, flowers, seeds, stem bark and root, biomolecules like serum, DNA have been applied as reducing method with stabilizing agents. The novel is the use of antimicrobial agents owing to maintain volume to high surface area ratio. Greener way to synthesis nanoparticles gold and silver provides advantageous over physical and chemical method because their cost effective, non-toxic, safe reagent handled easily and eco or environment friendly system. This makes review some sort of data documented for further nanomatrial research.  

Acknowledgement

We wish to gratefully acknowledge Hon’ble Govindrao Holkar, Secretary, Principal, N.V.P. Mandals, Lasalgaon (Nashik), and Dr. Sureshchandra G. Kulkarni (Pune), and Principal, M.E.S. Abasaheb Garware College, Karve Road, Pune for their constant support and encouragement.

Conflict of interest

Authors of this paper have no conflict of interest.

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