Effect of Rate and Quantum Yield of 1-alkyl-2-(arylazo) Imidazoles on the Surface of Silver Nps

Introduction

Due to exceptional values and possible potential applications in technological aspects, the method of production and identification of nanostructured substances earning a lot of importance. The structure of these nano influences on its optical, electronic, magnetic, and catalytic properties. So, the most important target in nano particle preparation is to monitor the structure and morphology of the particle.^1-4.

The term photochromism is applied to explain the mechanism of colour change caused by photon energy, and a reversible changes in colour is observed in all photochromic substances by the thermal process or by particular quantum energy. Following the above mentioned possible applications, photochromic substances are being attempted to be applied in sensors and optical shutters. ^5-8

Scheme 1: Isomeric change of RaaiR/ Click here to View scheme

We have been exploring the trans-cis photoisomerisation of RaaiR^/ (Scheme 1) and the compounds with different metal [9-16]. The impact of microenvironment (in presence of micelles, reverse micelle, aromatic acids, phenols, hydrocarbons) on the photoisomerisation of RaaiR^/ has been examined for last few years [17-21]. Use of light energy as stimulant has huge dominance over other influences like thermal, magnetic, mechanical, electrical, redox etc. Photochromism is a reversible alteration process between two isomeric structures having different absorption spectral curve [22]. The rate of photo-transformation and quantum yields of trans-cis isomeric changes of RaaiR^/ are affected by inner environment such as – nature of substituents, binding to metals, steric and stereoelectronic effect, hydronation etc and the extrinsic environment such as solvent (concentration, dipolar nature, weak forces and interaction due to oppositely charged ion), On considering the importance of MNPs & the application of photochromism we are now interested to study the efficacy of photochromism of RaaiR^/ when it is the surface of silver nano particles.

Experimental

Materials and Methods

The photochromic molecules were made by reported method [23] (Scheme 2). SRL, India had supplied Silver nitrate, sodium borohydride, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and other reagents. We have purified 2-propanol by distillation (SRL, India) before use.

R = H	R/ = C6H13 , n- Hexyl	Pai-C6H13	R = Me,	R/ = C6H13 , n- Hexyl	Tai- C6H13
R = H	R/ = C12H25, n- Dodecyl	Pai- C12H25	R = Me,	R/ = C12H25, n- Dodecyl	Tai- C12H25

Scheme 2: Synthesis of RaaiR/ Click here to View scheme

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles covered with 1-alkyl-2- (arylazo)imidazoles

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) covered with the photochromic molecules (RaaiR^/) were made by following method which has been already reported [24]. 10 ml 1.0 mM of silver nitrate (AgNO₃) in 2-propanol was mixed to 10 ml 5.0 mM of sodium borohydride(NaBH₄), under stirring condition in presence of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) which has been used as stabilizing agent. The preparation was done in dark and ice cold condition was maintained. The growth of Ag NPs was established by absorption spectra of the yellow solution obtained. Propanol solution of RaaiR^/ (1.0 mM) was poured to the reaction mixture and stirring was continued for some times. Few drops of NaBH₄ were added in drops at ice cold condition. The solution was allowed for equilibrium at normal room temperature for ~20 hours. Final mixture was added to alcohol to eliminate PVP and the unwanted chemicals, then filtered. The solid mass was obtained and dried. The residue was mixed to 25 mL of diethyl ether. The excess RaaiR^/ is soluble in (C₂H₅)₂O. Then hazy (C₂H₅)₂O was centrifuged and the precipitate was recollected. Ag-(RaaiR^/)-NP-PVP was obtained as a deep brown solid. The size and shape of the particle was confirmed from the SEM pictures.

Photometric estimations

Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Lambda25 UV/VIS) and spectrofluorimeter (Perkin Elmer LS55) was used. Quantum yields (f) are calculated by the relation,

Where n= rate of photo isomerisation, I₀=photon flux, V= volume, Abs=initial absorbance at the azobenzene (quantum yield is 0.11of p-p* transition) [25].

Results and Discussions

Photoisomerisation from trans to cis conversion.

The spectra of RaaiR^/ in 2-propanol solution gives an absorption band ~360-390 nanometer (molar absorptivity of the order 10⁴ /Mole/cm) and a tail extending to 452 nanometer. The high energy intense band is for p-p* transitions, while tail is for n-p* transition ¹³.

Excitation of ultraviolet ray to the propanol solution of the compound changes the absorption spectrum as shown in Fig.1. It is noticed that by excitation with ultra violet ray trans–cis photoisomerisation has proceeded and concentration of cis structureis arrived to an expected percentage.

Figure 1: Spectral changes of Pai-C6H13in 2-Propanol upon continual excitation at a wavelength of 364 nm at 3 minute gap at 250C. Click here to View figure

The UV light is passed to the mixture of RaaiR^/ and AgNPs. The photoisomerisation rate changes data are noted in Table 1 and corresponding figure are given in Fig.2. In presence of AgNPs, the rate of isomerisation is reduced by 10-33% than that of free molecular data. This reaction rate decreases compared to 2-propanol solution. The effect of variation of AgNPs onisomerisation rate have been studied (Table 1)and Ag nanoparticle have a significant effect on quantum yield. The photoresistance of RaaiR^/ even in presence of AgNPs are examined by repetition of trans-cis cycle.

Figure 2: Spectral changes of Pai-C12H25 in 2-Propanol on the surface of Ag-nano upon continual excitation at a wavelength of 366 nm at 3 min gap at 250C. Click here to View figure

Table 1: Photoisomerisation of RaaiR^/ (R^/ =-C_nH_2n+1 where n = 6, 12) in presence Ag-nano.

Compound	lπ,π* (nanometer)	Isosbestic Point (nanometer)	Rate of trans®cis x 108 (second-1)	Quantum Yield (trans®cis)
Pai-C6H13	364	327, 445	2.74	0.135
Tai-C6H13	365	336,433	2.69	0.106
Pai- C6H13 @Ag-nano	366	334, 437	2.09	0.099
Tai- C6H13 @Ag-nano	365	326,447	1.82	0.085
Pai- C12H25	366	336, 433	2.17	0.102
Tai- C12H25	366	332,441	1.93	0.095
Pai- C12H25@Ag-nano	366	322, 431	1.94	0.093
Tai- C12H25@Ag-nano	367	334,436	1.74	0.082

 

Azobezene-thiol-modified gold nanoparticles exhibit size-reduction induced ferromagnetism and significant photo-magnetic effects [26]. The isomeric changes of azobenzene derivatives by light confined in AuNP aggregates leading to a redshift of the surface plasmon band in the ultra violet-visible spectrum [27]. AgNPs in presence of added RaaiR^/ has been examined by red shift of surface plasmon band (Fig.3). The SEM of silver nanoparticle (Fig.4) and SEM of silver nanoparticle in presence of RaaiR^/ (Fig.5) support the aggregation of NPs. The rates of photoisomerisation and quantum yield were decreasing in presence of AgNPs. This has implicated that photochrome, RaaiR^/, has been associated with AgNPs and the increase in effective photochromic mass and rotor volume may be responsible for effective decrement of photoisomerisation rates and quantum yields.

Figure 3: (a) Ultra Violet spectra of Ag nano particles (λmax=421 nm)  (b) UV spectra of AgNPs in presence of Pai- C12H25(λmax=427 nm) Click here to View figure

Figure 4: SEM images of Ag nanoparticles (nano range:20-30nm). Click here to View figure

Figure 5: SEM image of AgNPs in presence of Pai-C12H25. Click here to View figure

Thermal isomerisation, cis → trans

RaaiR^/ has a steady trans structure at ambient atmosphere. By ultra violet ray RaaiR^/ have been changes to cis one. Cis structure is changes to trans one by reverse process by visible light (450 nm). We get relatively faster rate when the thermal change is done in dark. We can calculate the rate constant(k) of thermal reverse process by the relation  Abs(t) = (Abs_t − Abs_E)e^−kt + Abs_c , here Abs_c= absorbance of cis form and Abs_t = absorbance of trans form.

Cis product is changes thermally to trans product in the dark at a temperature ranges of (298-313) K. We get the energy of activation (E_a) and the pre-exponential factor (A) using relation k=A.e^-Ea/RT , here k = reaction rate, R= ideal gas constant, and T = temp. We get the values of the activation free energy (DG*) and the activation entropy (DS*) by using the equations,

Here k_B= Boltzmann’s constant, h = Plank’s constant 

The energy of activation for thermal isomeric changes was measured by plotting k values(Table 2, Fig. 6). Cis– RaaiR^/ is more polar than trans-structure. NPs are electronically more negative than atom and can be associated with electronically deficient part in the molecule and are capable to execute electrostatic interaction [28]. We assume that azoimidazolyl part of photochrome being an electron deficient part in the molecule may associate about AgNPs and is leading to increment of effective mass and volume of photochrome. A cartoon is shown in Scheme 3 which describes the plausible pathway of photochromic changes of  RaaiR^/ on the surface of  nanoparticle.

Figure 6: Eyring plots for cis®trans conversion of (a) Pai-C6H13, (b) Pai-C6H13@f Ag nanoparticles. Click here to View figure

Table 2: Thermal data for cis → trans

Product	Temp(K)	Rate c®t process x 104 (sec–1)	Ea,  kJ/ mole	DH* kJ/ mole	DS* J/mole/K	DG* kJ/ mole
Pai-C6H13	298 303 308 313	2.20 3.26 4.27 5.22	43.73	41.19	-176.26	93.68
Tai-C6H13	298 303 308 313	3.50 5.77 6.70 8.21	42.21	39.67	-177.35	92.49
Pai-C6H13@Ag-nano	298 303 308 313	2.41 3.24 4.25 5.30	41.26	38.73	-184.19	93.59
Tai- C6H13 @Ag-nano	298 303 308 313	4.55 5.81 6.76 8.23	30.37	27.81	-215.49	92.04
Pai-C12H2B	298 303 308 313	2.47 3.11 4.12 5.39	42.01	39.46	-181.89	93.66
Tai-C12H25	298 303 308 313	3.80 4.46 6.88 7.53	38.06	35.50	-191.48	92.55
Pai-C12H25@Ag-nano	298 303 308 313	2.63 3.47 4.32 5.37	36.81	34.25	-198.46	93.38
Tai- C12H25@Ag-nano	298 303 308 313	1.20 1.42 1.88 2.01	28.27	25.75	-233.55	95.35

Scheme 3 Click here to View scheme

Conclusions

The trans–cis changes of RaaiR^/ on light excitation are examined along with the  AgNPs. Backward process i.e the changes of cis geometry to trans geometry is relaxed by light. By applying heat the process can be permitted. Trans-to-cis photo isomerisation rate is reduced on the nano particle surface. Increase the nano particle concentration decreases the rate. It is due to the electrostatic attraction between ligand and nanoparticle.

Acknowledgement

I am very much thankful to my Sir, my research guide Professor Chittaranjan Sinha for giving me all types of facility (instrumental and laboratory) to complete the work. Without his guidance and constant support it was quite impossible to do the work. I am also thankful to one of my best student Miss Sunanda Dey for helping me during this work.

Conflict of interest

Author of this paper have no conflict of interest.

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