Antibacterial Activity of Extract from Swamp Plant of Eleocharis Dulcis

Introduction

Research on various types of plants, both marine plants and freshwater plants has been conducted to assess the potential of bioactive components that are useful as antioxidants and antibacterials. Each plant contains several types of bioactive substances which are natural chemicals contained in the plant and can be a member of the taste, aroma and color of the plant¹. Phytochemical compounds in plants also serve to protect themselves from environmental factors that cause damage such as free radicals and pathogenic bacteria².

Some Plant  produce antibacterial  compounds that inhibits or killed many bacteria and there are many reports describing antioxidant activities^3-5, anti-inflammatory⁶,  and antidiabetic⁷. However reports on the phytochemical constituents of swamp plant  and their bioactive activity of swamp plant are limited, we reported that antibacterial  activity of extracts of  Purun Tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) used n-hexane, ethyl acetate and etanol as solvents.

Materials and Methods

Preparation of Eleocharis Dulcis

Leaves of Eleocharis dulcis were collected from Indralaya swamp and immediately brought to the laboratory in sterile plastic bags containing water to prevent evaporation. Leaves of Eleocharis dulcis were washed thoroughly with distilled water to remove extraneous materials and shade-dried for 10 days at room temperature until constant weight obtained. The dried Leaves of Eleocharis dulcis were powdered and stored in refrigerator for future use.

Extraction of Eleocharis dulcis

Extraction of Eleocharis dulcis by stratified maceration method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol.

Phytochemical Screening of Eleocharis dulcis extract

Phytochemical Screening of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids steroids, saponin, were determined by Harborne method⁸.

Antibacterial Test

Pathogens bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Vibrio cholera)  used in this study. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using diffusion method⁹.

Result and Discussion

Screening of phytochemical from extract of Eleocharis dulcis

Screening of phytochemical from extract of Eleocharis dulcis can be seen Table 1

Table 1: Screening of phytochemical from extracts of  Eleocharis dulcis

Phytochemical	Solvent
	n-hexane	Ethyl acetate	Etanol
Alkaloid	–	–	–
Terpenoid	+	+	+
Tannin	–	–	+
Saponin	–	_	_
Flavonoid	+	+	+

 

The result showed content of phytochemical compounds of ethanol extract of Eleocharis dulcis were tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids.  The phytochemical compounds of ethanol extract of Eleocharis dulcis were tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. Phytochemical compounds of ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts were flavonoids and triterpenoids.

Antibacterial activity

Antibacterial activity from Eleocharis dulcis with different concentration of extract patogenic bacteria are depicted in Table. 2. The Antibacterial activity from Eleocharis dulcis againts Bacillus subilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera were peaked after 2.000 ppm of extract concentration.

Table 2: Antibacterial activity of from extracts of  Eleocharis dulcis

Pelarut	Bacteria	Concentration (ppm)				Control Positive	Control Negative
		500	1000	1500	2000
N-hexane	Pseudomonas aruginosa	7,5	8	9	10	31	6
	Bacillus subtilis	9,5	9,5	10,5	12	30	6
	Vibrio Cholera	6,5	7	7.5	8,5	28	6,5
Ethyl acetate	Pseudomonas aruginosa	7	7	8	9	30	6
	Bacillus subtilis	9	9,5	11	10	31,5	6
	Vibrio Cholera	8,5	9,5	10	10,5	27,5	7
Etanol	Pseudomonas aruginosa	7	7,5	8	9	30,5	6
	Bacillus subtilis	7	7,5	8,5	9,5	30	6,5
	Vibrio Cholera	7	8	9	10	26,5	7

 

Table 2 showed that  the maximum antibacterial activity was recorded from the ethanol extracts of Eleocharis dulcis against Pseudomonas aeruginosa  (9 mm), Bacillus subilis (9.5 mm) and Vibrio cholera (10 mm).  The maximum antibacterial activity from the ethyl acetate extracts of Eleocharis dulcis against  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  (9 mm), Bacillus subilis (10 mm) and Vibrio cholera (10.5 mm).  The maximum antibacterial activity from the n-hexane extracts of Eleocharis dulcis against Pseudomonas aeruginosa  (10 mm), Bacillus subilis (12 mm) and Vibrio cholera (8.5 mm).  The bacterial activity of Eleocharis dulcis extract against Bacillus subtilis higher than that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera.

Antimicrobial activity of Eleocharis dulcis extract may be primarily due to the presence of tannins and phenolic compound. Tannins have been traditionally used for treatment of catarrh, hemorrhoids and diarrhea¹⁰.

Conclusion

The phytochemical compounds of ethanol extract of Eleocharis dulcis were tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. The phytochemical compounds of ethanol extract of Eleocharis dulcis were tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. Phytochemical compounds of ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts were flavonoids and triterpenoids. The bacterial activity of Eleocharis dulcis extract against Bacillus subtilis higher than that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera.

Acknowledgments

This research was support by Competitive Grant (Hibah Kompetensi 2017) from Ministry of Reseach, Technology and Higher Education (Kemenristekdikti), Republic of Indonesia.

References

1. Winarsi H. Soy protein and sprouts are beneficial to health. Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 2010.
2. Salisbury FB, Ross CW. Plant Physiology, Fourth edition. Wadsworth Inc, Belmont, CA, 1992.
3. Baehaki A, Supriadi A, Pratama  MC. Antioxidant activity  of methanol  extract  of Halodule uninervis seagrass from the coastal of Lampung, Indonesia. Res. J. Pharma. Biol. Chem. Sci, 2016, 3, 1173-1177.
4. Baehaki, A,  Lestari SD, Apriyanti W.  Pytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of seeds extract of water plant (Nymphaea stellata and Nelumbo nucifera). J. Chem. Pharma. Res, 2015, 7(11), 221-224.
5. Baehaki A,  Widastuti I, Herpandi, Jannah N. Antioxidant activity of extracts of Halodule pinifolia Seagrass from solvents with different polarities. Oriental J. Chem, 2017, 33(1), 181-185.
   CrossRef
6. Kim B, Kim J E, Chio B,  Kim H. Anti-inflammatory effects of water chestnut extract on cytokine responses via nuclear factor-κB-signaling pathway, Biomol Ther, 2015, 23(1), 90–97
   CrossRef
7. Akah PA, Uzodinma SU and Okolo CE. Antidiabetic activity of aqueous and methanol extract and fractions of Gongronema latifolium (Asclepidaceae) leaves in alloxan diabetic rats. J. Applied Pharma. Sci. 2011, 1(9), 99-1-2.
8. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall, New York, 1987.
9. Elgayyar M, Draughon FA, Golden DA, Mount JR.  Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plant against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms. J. Food Prot, 2001, 64(7), 1019-1024
   CrossRef
10. Senthilkumar M.  Phytochemical screening of Glorisa superba L. –from different geographical positions. Inter. J.  Sci. Res. Pub., 2013;  p14.

---

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

---

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.