Ethnomedicinal and Phytochemical Studies of Eclipta alba (A Review)

Introduction

Natural-origin drugs have a significant role in the healthcare system. The oldest system of traditional medicine is Ayurveda. Ayurvedic practices use formulations made from around 600 different medicinal herbs to address a variety of diseases¹. Eclipta alba, syn. Eclipta prostrata is a kind of small perennial herbaceous plant grown in tropical areas worldwide. Other than this it’s also evenly distributed in China, India, Brazil, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Nepal with moist soil, watercourse, and hilly areas^2,3.

As it is known for its traditional use in various ailments. It’s commonly known as bhringraj, false daisy. Eclipta alba is mainly of three in variety i.e., the white flowering, the black fruiting, and the yellow flowering and all are grown all over India on the sides of rivers, lakes, and foothills of mountains^4,5,6. In Traditional Chinese Medicine the dried aerial portion of the plant is known as yin-nourishing herb. They are frequently used to treat associated conditions like hemorrhage, greying hair, tinnitus, and dizziness^7.

Botanical characterization of Eclipta alba

Eclipta alba is an annual herb growing up to 30-40cm tall, erect, or sometimes rooting at the nodes⁸. The stem has fine hairs on its surface, making it rough and either flat or cylindrical, with branched nodes blackish-green in color. Roots are cylindrical and gray in color. The leaves are sessile to sub-sessile, opposite 1.2-2.3 cm wide and 2.2-8.5 cm long oblong, lanceolate, strigose with fine hairs on both sides of the surface^9,10,11. The flowers are white, small, and arranged in a tiny bundle. The leaf axis gives rise to the flowering stalk, the inflorescence is racemose, and the bloom can be actinomorphic, zygomorphic, pentamerous, or unisexual. Androecium with 5 stamens, an epipetalous filament, a free anther, and an obtuse base, gynoecium with two carpels fused formed the fruit, Ovary inferior, unilocular with 1 basal ovule. Fruit is achenes cuneate, pappus, one seeded with slight wing and brown in appearance. Seeds are dark brown, hairy outer layer, height 0.2-0.25cm and width 0.1cm, non-endospermic dicotyledon¹².

Figure 1: Picture of the plant Eclipta alba. Click here to View Figure

Taxonomy of Eclipta alba¹³

Kingdom                                   Plantae

Sub-kingdom                     Viridaeplantae

Division                             Tracheophyta                                     

Sub-division                      Spermatophytina

Class                                  Magnoliopsida

Order                                  Asterales

Family                                Asteraceae

Genus                                 Eclipta

Species                              alba

Various vernacular names of Eclipta alba in distinct language, common name is Bhringraj, False Daisy; in Hindi bhangara, bhangaraiya; in Sanskrit keshraj, markava, bhrunga; in Bengali kesuriya, kesari; in Gujrati bhangaro; in Urdu bhangra; in Tamil karisalai; in Marathi maka; in Telegu guntagalagara; in Kannada garujalu, soppu, gurugada; in Malayalam kayyonni, knnunni; in Oriya kesara, kesarda; in Punjabi bhangra; in Assamese bhringraja; in Arabic kadimulabit ^14,15.

Ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta alba

In several parts of India, the plant Eclipta alba is used to treat conditions like respiratory illnesses, gastrointestinal problems, along skin diseases. The leaves of plants are used in the cure of hair fall, hair drying, alopecia¹⁶, gingivitis, diabetes, baldness, headache¹⁷, elephantiasis, hair dye and stem used as a blood tonic, anemia, any other blood-related problems¹⁸, chickenpox¹⁹ as well as its roots are having great result with constipation & irregular bowels²⁰. The whole plant is used in the prevention of symptoms like burns, sores, asthma, cuts and wounds²², ulcers, fever, normal weakness, jaundice, liver-related, snake bite²¹, edema, swelling, high BP, diabetes, indigestion, hepatitis²⁵, spleen enlargement, anticatarrhal, febrifuge fetal development & childbirth facilitates^23,24. The aerial portion of Eclipta alba is taken as a hepatic cleanser, and hair tonic²⁶, allergic, inflammation, burns, skin disorder, anemia, headache²⁷, mental disorder, astringent, antiseptic, anticancer^28,29. There are numerous Ayurvedic formulations present from the old times, a few of them are; for hair fall (Khalitya) Bhringrajtaila, Gujadi oil^30,34, tonic for hair growth, graying or complexation of hair Bhringrajadichurana³¹, Bhringrajghrit³², Bhringrajasasv³³, and for improving the density Bhringrajchurna is used^{35 36}.

Table 1: Phytocompounds derived from Eclipta alba

No.	Compounds	Part	References
Coumestans 1 2 3 4	Wedelolactonea Demethylwedelolactone-7-glucosideb Iso-demethylewedelolactonec Strychnolactone	Aerial Aerial Whole Plant Aerial	37,38,39 39,40 40 40
Terpenoids, their glycosides (taraxastane triterpene glycoside) 5 6 7 8 (Oleanane triterpene glycosides) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Alkaloids 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Volatile Oils 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54	Eclabasaponins Ⅶ Eclabasaponins Ⅷ Eclabasaponins Ⅸ Eclabasaponins Ⅹd Eclabasaponins Ⅰe    Eclabasaponins Ⅱf Eclabasaponins Ⅲg Eclabasaponins Ⅳh Eclabasaponins Ⅴi Eclabasaponins Ⅵj Ecliptasaponin Ak Ecliptasaponin B Ecliptasaponin C Ecliptasaponin Dl Eclalbatin a-amyrinm Oleanolic acidn Echinocystic acido Ursolic acidp Stigmasterolq Stigmasterol-3-O-glucosider Daucosterols Silphioside C Silphioside B Silphioside E b-Sitosterolt Machaeroceric acid b-amyrinu Echinocystic acid-28-O-b-D-glucopyranoside Ecliptine (20S) (25S)-22,26-imino-cholesta-5 22(N)-dien-3b-ol (verazine) 25b-hydroxyverazinev 4b-hydroxyverazinew (20R)- 4b-hydroxyverazine Ecliptalbine [(20R)-2-pyridyl-cholesta 5-ene-3P, 23-diol] (20R)-25b-hydroxyverazine (20-epi-3-dehydroxy-3-oxo- 5,6-dihydro-4,5-dehydroverazine) Heptadecanex n-hexadecenoic acid pentadecane, eudesma-4(14) 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester (Z)-7,11-dimethyl 3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene (Z, Z, Z)-1,5,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4,7-cycloundecatriene Phytol, octadic-9-enoic acid D-dithienyl acetylene ester a-terthienyl-methanoly a-formylterthienyl ecliptal or a-terthienyl aldehyde	Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Aerial Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Leaves/Stem Aerial/ stem Leaves/stem Whole Plant Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Whole Plant Aerial Leaves Leaves Leaves Whole Plant Leaves Leaves Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial	41 41 41 41 41,42,43 41,42,43 41,42,43 42,43 41,42,43 42,43 41 41 41 41 45,46 46 46 41 46 44 42,44,47 44 48 49 49 39 42 46 50 41 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 46 46 46 47 46 47 46,47 45 51 51,52,53 51,52,53 51,52,53
Flavonoids 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62	Protocatechuic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid Apigenin Luteolinaa Luteolin-7-O-glucosidebb Pratenseincc Diosmetindd Buddleoside	Leaves/Whole Plant Leaves/Stem Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial Aerial	39.42,44,46 39,44,46 39,44,46 55 56 48,57,58 58 58
63	Quercetinee	Aerial	59,60
64 65 66	Skullcapflavone Ⅱff Kaempferolgg Eriodictyolhh	Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant	60 60 48
67	Orobolii	Whole Plant	42
68	Acacetinjj	Whole Plant	60
69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77	Vanillic acidkk Syringic acidll Chlorogenic acidmm Leonuriside Ann Caffeic acidoo Coniferyladehyde Oroboside Orobol-5-O-b-D-glucopyranoside 3’-O-methylorobolpp	Aerial Aerial Aerial Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant Aerial	42 42 42 48 48 48 59 48 42,59
78	3’-Hydroxybiochanin A	Aerial	57,58
79	Tricetinqq	Aerial	42
Thiophene 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87   Miscellaneous 88 89 90 91   92   93     94 95 96 97 98 99 100	Ecliprostin A, B, C a-Formylterthienyl Arctinol Brr 6-Methoxy-arctinol-b a- Terthienyl a-Terthienyl methanol 2,2’,5”-terthiophene-5-carboxylic acid 5-aldehyde-5’-(3-butene-1-ynyl)-2,2’-dithiophene Heptacosanolss Hentriacontanoltt (Fatty Alcohol) Ecliptal 5-hydroxymethyl-(2,2’:5’,2”)-terthienyltiglate 5-hydroxymethyl-(2,2’:5’,2”)-terthienylagelate 5-hydroxymethyl-(2,2’:5’,2”)-terthienyl acetate Polyacetylenes (Polyacetylinic) Polyacetylene-substituted thiophenes 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (Phenolic acids) Protocatechuic acid (Phenolic acids) Euodionoside A Junipeionoloside Calaliuiuenside	Aerial Whole Plant Aerial Aerial Aerial Whole Plant Leaves Whole Plant     Roots/Leaves Roots Roots Roots/Leaves   Whole Plant   Whole Plant   Roots Leaves/Whole Plant   Leaves/Stem Whole Plant Whole Plant Whole Plant	60 53 63 63 52 52,53,54 62 53,54     52,54 52,54 52,54 52,54   52,54   52,54   44,46 44,46 44,46   47 48 48 48

Figure 2: Chemical structures of some phytocompounds of Eclipta alba. Click here to View Figure

Pharmacological Activities

Wound healing activity

According to this investigated study they created a foam dressing with gelatin and leaf extract from Eclipta prostrata. Utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the pore structure was discovered and to verify the chemical arrangement, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized. As for the conclusion, it was determined that the Eclipta prostrata dressings had the proper pore size. In the first hour, the weight rise percentage for the Eclipta prostrata B dressings was higher, and in the first four hours, the rate of dehydration was higher⁶². In another study of wound healing activity with an aqueous extract of Eclipta alba leaves tends to lower the glycemic action in streptozotocin-induced rats. Also, in comparison to cicatryl (J16) and vaselin (J18) Ointment A (aqueous) and B (hydroethanolic) completely healed in J14 wound in animals. The aqueous extract reduces the glycemic action as well as in streptozotocin rats and ointment of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts was used to treat incision wounds⁶³. Eclipta alba hydroalcoholic and methanolic extract gel induced in diabetes alloxan rats, and gel applied on wounds for 15 days that tended to result in hydroalcoholic extract gel is a more potent action than methanolic & it is non-toxic when taken orally in LD50 rats. Hydroalcoholic gel extract of Eclipta alba has shown the diabetic wound healing action better than methanolic extract⁶⁴.

Anti-diabetic Activity

As per the reported study, antidiabetic activity of Eclipta prostrata hydro extract in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat, oral treatment of Eclipta prostrata and glibenclamide results in efficient in diabetes, improving carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, also enhance serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol range⁶⁵Diabetes is linked to insulin regulation and pancreatic beta-cell progression. Phytonanotherapy uses metal nanoparticles and plants to treat diabetes. This study focuses on the eco-friendly, Eclipta alba (EA-AuNPs) is used in the manufacture of gold nanoparticles, and their pharmacological effectiveness against pathogenic bacteria and streptozotocin-induced apoptosis in the RIN-5F cell line assessed. The synthesized EA-AuNPs showed anti-apoptotic potential and free radical scavenging potential, making them promising for biomedical applications in nanomedicine⁶⁶ .

Anti-Cancer Activity

The MTT assay experiment in the cancer cell investigation demonstrated a significant (p 0.005) selection against HCT-116 cells by the methanolic extract of Eclipta alba. Additionally, this extract had a negligible or harmless effect on WI-38 cells. Clonogenic and migration assays both supported the effectiveness of the extract’s antitumor activity against HCT-116 cells. The outcomes showed that Eclipta alba methanolic extract has optimal properties, such as little toxicity against normal cells WI-38, and possesses high action against colorectal cancer cells HCT-116⁶⁷.

Anti-Fungal Activity

Boregowda et al., 2019 reported the antifungal activity against the sorghum fungal pathogens Fusarium thapsinum, Epicoccum sotghinum, Alternaria alternata, and Curvilaria lunata. Methanolic extract of Eclipta alba tested on all pathogenic fungi. The existence of their plant analogs is shown by the chemical characterization of the metabolites, for example, wedelolactone, and eclalbasaponin II are available in huge amounts. To detect the phytochemicals, present in methanolic extract obtained from the plant are determined by Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass chromatography⁶⁸.

Anti-Obesity Activity

On anti-obesity rats with high-fat diets including cholesterol and cholic acids to induce non-alcoholic fatty liver, the effects of Eclipta prostrata methanol extract on this condition were assessed. The lipid profile and liver function significantly improved after increased dose treatment with Eclipta prostrata (200mg/ and 300mg/kg), as per the outcome of biochemical and histological study⁶⁹.

Anti-inflammatory Activity

Eclipta prostrata improved atopic dermatitis symptoms progression, reduced the layer thickness of the epidermis and dermis, infiltrated defense cells, and healed skin barrier malfunction. Additionally, by restoring the skin barrier and balancing the defense system, it reduces allergic irritation. In HaCat keratinocytes, Eclipta prostrata suppressed nuclear factor-kB translocation, phosphorylation, and cytokine expression, indicating promising therapeutic use as an anti-atopic drug⁷⁰.

Immunomodulatory Effect

A study on heteropneustes fossilis fingerlings found that Eclipta alba extract, at a concentration between 50-100ppm, protects them against A. invadans infection. The extract induces anti-stress and antioxidative responses, reducing cortisol levels and increasing superoxide dismutase and catalase levels. The protective effect is linked to its immunomodulatory effect, enhancing fingerling survival. Eclipta alba extract could be a potential holistic strategy for controlling EUS in fish Species⁷¹.

Antioxidant Activity

The study looked into the antiproliferative effects, antioxidant ability, and chemistry of extracts from Eclipta prostrata. Two flavonoids were extracted from the ethyl acetate extract: 3-O-methylorobol and apigenin 7-sulfate. Compared to other extracts, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited larger phenol and flavonoid levels as well as stronger antioxidant activity. It decreased AGS cell viability and proliferation in vitro by changing gene expression to cause apoptosis⁷². Research on Eclipta alba found that exposure to multispectral lights significantly enhanced the growth and development of the plant. Red light led to maximum dry weight and increased phenolics and flavonoid content in callus cultures. HPLC analysis the highest accumulation of major compounds in red light-treated cultures, while blue light led to the optimal accumulation of stigmasterol. These findings suggest that multispectral lights can be an effective strategy for enhancing phytochemical production in Eclipta alba ⁷³.

Nephroprotective Activity

Dacus carota and Eclipta prostrata extract nephroprotective properties on Wistar albino rats’ nephrotoxicity produced by cisplatin. Four groups of rats were created, and samples of their urine and blood were taken. The findings of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats showed that Cis + DC/Cis + EP (600mg/kg) markedly raised body weight and decreased kidney weight.  It also raised the amount of Na, and K, creatinine in the urine and plasmin⁷⁴.

Toxicology

The 70% ethanol fraction lethal dose (LD50) in a mouse trail of acute toxicity was found to be undetectable, as no animals died even after being given a dose of 10.4 g/kg for 14 days⁶¹. Bone marrow stromal cells were cytotoxically affected by high doses of wedelolactone (10mmol/L) and ethyl acetate extract (20mg/mL). Additionally, a dose greater than 40mmol/L of wedelolactone inhibited human renal mesangial cell proliferation. The incongruous result differing solvents extract, ingredients, an experimental model’s studies may be the reason, indicating that extra care is still required for the dosage to ensure safety ⁷⁵.

Conclusion

The plant Eclipta alba is widely used in traditional medicine worldwide, especially for conditions pertaining to the stomach, liver, and skin. It is also used to promote hair development. It has a variety of phytochemical components, including coumestans, saponins, alkaloids, polyacetyl, wedelolactone, eclalbasaponins, a-amyrin, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, luteolin, and apigenin are among the substances found in flavonoids, which have biological effects on the body, including hepatoprotective, anti-depressant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antidiabetic effects. Eclipta alba extract may prove to be a valuable source for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries in the future if establishing standards and stability studies are conducted on it. By gathering information from pharmaceutical and clinical studies, the lead bioactive compounds could be further developed as therapeutic molecules.

Acknowledgment

The authors are highly thankful to IFTM University for providing the necessary facilities for the review work.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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