Corrosion Inhibition Activity of Isolated Flavonoid from Andrographis echioides leaves

Introduction

Corrosion of Metals and Their Alloys Caused Mechanical Failure of equipment due to acid and alkaline exposure. Corrosion inhibitors are typically included in trace levels to slow metal corrosion [1]. Corrosion damage can be avoided through a variety of methods, including material improvements, fluid blending, process control, and chemical inhibition. Among these methods, the use of corrosion inhibitors is the most effective in preventing metal surface destruction or degradation in corrosive media. Corrosion inhibitors are the most cost-effective and practical method of reducing corrosive attack on metals. The majority of corrosion inhibitors are toxic, non-biodegradable, and costly [2]. This prompted the development and use of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors. Plant extracts were environmentally friendly, readily available, and cost effective [3], and they outperformed synthetic corrosion inhibitors. Plant extracts have been used in corrosive environments to prevent corrosion [1, 4-13].

The several sustainable and environment corrosion inhibitors have recently become available. Anticorrosion properties of flavonoid separated from Nypa Fructicans Wurmb leaf [14], Anacyclus pyrethrum L.stem [15], and Mentha Pulegium leaf extract [16] have been successfully reported. The observed results revealed that all of the previous mentioned plants have excellent anticorrosion properties and are, most importantly, efficient and environmentally. This survey demonstrates the potential of an isolated flavonoid from Andrographis echioides leaf extract acts as a mild steel corrosion protection in hydrochloric acid solution.

Figure 1: Andrographis echioides plant. Click here to View figure

Experimental Methods

Preparation of the Sample

The sample was made from a readily obtainable manufacturing Fe-C steel with low carbon content and an element composition of 0.026 percent S, 0.06 percent P, 0.4 percent Mn, and 0.1 percent C, as well as reminder Fe. The samples were mechanically polished after being degreased with various types of emery paper, washed in double filtered water, and thoroughly cleaned with acetone before being kept in humidity-free desiccators for later use.

Preparation of inhibitor solution

1g of confined flavonoid is concentrated to 1000 parts per million in 1000 mL solutions (ppm). The concentration utilized in the study ranged from 100 to 900 parts per million.

Measurements of weight reduction

The Shimadzu ATP-224 model digital weighing balance was used to monitor weight loss, with a readability of 0.1 mg in the 210 g. The sample was submerged in a 100 ml acid solution with and without isolated flavonoid extracts using hooks. The sample were removed, cleaned in deionized water, dried, and weighed again.

Altering Current impedance measurements

Electrochemical readings were executed using AC signals with maximum amplitudes of 10mV at constant current capacity in the occurrence range of 10MHZ to 1HZ. The electrochemical reactions response (R_ct) values were deliberated based on the comparing the impedance between small and elevated frequencies. The transformed of the two deposit values are derived from the frequency (f) at which the unreal factor of the internal resistance is greatest, and the equivalent circuit of the double layer (C_dl) is calculated [17].

Potentiodynamic polarization study

CHI electrochemical impedance analyzer model 660A has been used for potentiodynamic polarization experiments. After acquiring the impedance spectrum, the current potential graphs were noted all at once by modifying the electrolytic potential routinely captured from the OCP value at a test rate of 5mV s^-1. For the studied systems, the Tafel strands extrapolation technique was used to detect icorr and Ecorr values. Because the acquired polarization curves contained nonlinearity, the correlating Tafel slopes (ba and bc) were determined using a computer least square analysis as a gradient of the points following corrosion capacity I by 50 mill volts. All electrolytic experiments were completed in stagnated, oxygenated solutions at 30°C.

Scanning electron microscopy

The low carbon steel specimens were removed by washing with double filtered water, dried, and surface evaluated after three hours in the appearance and nonappearance of inhibitor. The carbon steel layer was SEM measured using a CAREL ZEISS EVO-18 – High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope at St. Joseph’s College in Trichy.

Energy dispersive x-ray analysis

EDAX is a method for elemental analysis or chemical identification of a sample. The samples were delayed in a solution with inside or use plastic grips for 3 hours. After 3 hours, the specimen was removed, and the metal specimen was sent to National College, Trichy, for EDX analysis.

Result and Discussion

Mass loss method

At 30°C,Corrosion potential of thin metal in 1M Hydrochloric acid was investigated using loss of weight measurements in the absence and presence of isolated flavonoid from A.echioides leaves, and the proportion of inhibitory activity was detected. Table 1 depicts the corrosion rate (mpy) and removal efficiency with increasing inhibitor concentration (in ppm). According to the information, the corrosion rate diminishes noticeably with hiking inhibitor concentration, whereas corrosion inhibition increases with increasing inhibitor concentration [18]. At 3 hours immersion in 1M Hydrochloric acid, the extreme efficiency of inhibitory activity of isolated flavonoid at 800 ppm concentration was found to be 85.78 percent. This is because of adsorbent inhibition with the base metal surface rises with accumulation of inhibitor.

Table 1: represents Corrosion rates of isolated Flavonoid

S. No.	Isolated flavonoid (ppm)	Corrosion rate (mpy)	Surface coverage(θ)	Percentage Inhibition (%)
1	Blank	11.2780	–
2	100	7.1929	0.37	37.33
3	200	5.9379	0.48	48.27
4	300	5.1115	0.55	55.47
5	400	4.5453	0.60	60.40
6	500	4.1320	0.64	64.00
7	600	3.4740	0.69	69.88
8	700	3.0000	0.73	73.86
9	800	1.6319	0.85	85.78
10	900	1.9742	0.82	82.80

 

Figure 2: Inhibition efficiency of isolated flavonoid extract at various concentration Click here to View figure

Influence of temperature

Figure 3 depicts the temperature dependence of the inhibitor’s percentage inhibition at varying temperatures. The information display that the inhibition efficiency decreases as the temperature rises. The diminish in inhibition tendency with enlarging temperature specifies dissociation of the inhibitor from the surface of the base metal. This is owing to a faster rate of disintegration of mild steel and partial decomposition of the inhibition from the base metal substrate as temperature rises. [19, 20]

Table 2: Mention that temperature of the isolated flavonoid

S.No	Temperature(K)	Corrosion rate(Blank)	Corrosion rate(inhibitor)	Surface coverage(ᶿ)	% I.E
1	303	11.4780	1.6319	0.85	85.78
2	313	22.9101	7.5755	0.66	66.93
3	323	31.4497	16.2528	0.48	48.32
4	333	44.8713	31.8629	0.28	28.99

 

Figure 3: Inhibitory activity of isolated flavonoid at various temperatures. Click here to View figure

Kinetic and thermodynamic corrosion rate parameters

The corrosion rate (CR) of a chemical reaction is temperature dependent, and this temperature dependence corrosion rate can be demonstrated using the Arrhenius and transition state equations [21].

Figure 4: Plots for corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl and isolated flavonoid. Click here to View figure

 All linear regression correlation value is close to one. Table 4 depicts that Ea values are higher in the appearance of the inhibitor in comparison to the nonappearance of the inhibitor. The increase in Ea might be accredited to physical activation [22]. The increase in E_a value in the presence of inhibitor may be attributed to increased double layer thickness, which slows the corrosion process [23].

Figure 5: log CR/T versus 1/T. Click here to View figure

 From the graph, we conclude that straight lines of the ΔH* and ΔS*. Table 3 suggests that the value of ΔH* for dissolution of low carbon steel in 1M HCl in presence of isolated flavonoid is significantly greater (79.04kJ/mol-1) than in the absence of isolated flavonoid (34.52 kJ/mol-1). The sign of positive and significant level of H* reflected the heat absorbed in the mild steel dissolution system, implying that thin metal disintegration is difficult in the presence of isolated flavonoid [24]. The transition toward positive entropies (S*) suggests that the complex activation within the rate-determining sequence represents dissociation rather than affiliation, implying that disordering will increase as reactants are transferred to the complex activation [25].

The modification of ΔH* and ΔS* with inhibitor concentration indicates that the procedure is enthalpic and thermodynamically controlled [26].

Table 3: Kinetic and thermodynamic criteria of isolated flavonoid

	Ea(kJmol-1)	ΔH*(kJmol-1)	ΔS*(kJmol-1)
Blank	91.902	34.52	0.077
Inhibitor	242.74	79.04	0.209

 

Adsorption parameter

The graph was created by fitting the fraction of the surface covered to Langmuir’s isotherm, which implies a solid surface has a predetermined percentage of adsorption sites with one adsorbed species at each site [27]. The weight loss method value is entered into the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation, and a graph of C/ θ versus C is plotted.

Figure 6: Langmuir adsorption plot. Click here to View figure

Table 4: Langmuir adsorption of isolated flavonoidin 1M HCl on the mild steel.

Inhibitor	Intercept	Kads	R2	ΔGads0(kJmol-1)
Isolated flavonoid	0.3261	3.0665	0.9734	-12.944

 

The R² is 0.97, and the gradient is related to 1[28], representing that the Langmuir isotherm is strongly adhered to Figure 5. In general, ΔG°_ads values less than 20 kJ mol1 indicate physisorption, while values greater than 40 kJ mol1 indicate chemisorptions [29]. In Table 4, the fact that ΔG^o_ads is negative indicates to be spontaneous. Physical adsorption is indicated by the calculated ΔG^oads is -12.994kJ mol^-1, which is less than -20 kJ mol^-1 [30].

Potentiodynamic polarization studies

Figure 7a, b depicts the electrochemical polarization behaviour of base metal in 1M HCl in the absence and occurrence of isolated flavonoid as a Tafel plot. The reduction in corrosion potential after the additament of the inhibitor signifies that the extract is used as an inhibitor and diminishes base metal corrosion in acidic condition. The raise in the value of β_a is substantially more than that of β_c. The decrease in the Ecorr denotes that the inhibitor primarily functions as an anodic inhibitor [31].

Figure 7: Tafel polarization curves (a) without isolated flavonoid and (b) with isolated flavonoid. Click here to View figure

Table 5: potentiodynamic and linear polarization criteria of isolated flavonoid

System	Ecorr mV/SCE	Icorr µA/cm2	βa mV/dec	βc mV/dec	Corr.rate Mm/y
Blank	-553.4	857.7	90.123	119.159	392.0
Inhibitor	-529.7	370.9	144.827	141.932	169.5

 

Electrochemical impedance parameter

Figure 8a, b illustration the impedance behaviour of thin metal in 1M HCl in the appearance and non appearance of isolated flavonoid as a Nyquist plot, and Table 6 shows EIS parameters that are generated from the Nyquist plot. The increased R_ct and decreased C_dl values obtained from impedance studies support a compound’s good performance as an inhibitor in destructive medium. This behaviour indicates that the obtained film provides a barrier to the corrosion process, which demonstrates the film’s formation [32].

Figure 8: (a) Nyquist plot in absence of isolated flavonoid. Click here to View figure

Figure 8: (b). Nyquist plot in presence of isolated flavonoid. Click here to View figure

Table 6: The electrochemical impedance values of isolated flavonoid

System	Rs ῼ	Rct ῼ m	Cdl F m
Blank	1.67	0.99207	0.0739
Inhibitor	5.1	23.374	3.79 × 10-4

 

3.7 SEM analysis

Inhibitor molecules contact with the base metal was studied using Surface morphology. Surface morphology of plain base metal, base metal is immersed in 1M HCl, and steel dipped in 1M HCl with isolated flavonoid were shown in Fig.9. According to the SEM images, the thin metal specimen dipped in the inhibitory solution is in good state, with a plain surface, whereas the metal surface dipped in the acidic medium is hardness and appears to be full of cracks and holes [33]. It validates isolated flavonoid forms a protective barrier on the sample, lowering the corrosion rate [34].

Figure 9: SEM micrograph of (a) plain metal (b) metal in acid, (c) metal in isolated flavonoid (800 ppm). Click here to View figure

EDAX analysis

The EDAX method was used to determine the surface composition of the base metal sample in 1M HCI solution in the lack and appearance of the inhibitor. The EDX spectrum of uncontrolled metal samples and inhibited thin metal samples are shown in the fig. (A) & (B).

Figure 10: EDAX spectra of (A) mild steel specimen and (B) presence of isolated flavonoid. Click here to View figure

This graph depicts the atomic content of several elements measured by EDX in uninhibited and inhibited base metal surfaces. The presence of base metal components can be seen in the EDX spectra. In this table, the oxygen percentage in isolated flavonoid is higher, indicating that it may be absorbed on the specimen’s surface.

Table 7: Shows that atomic content of elements

Conclusion

 Isolated flavonoid is a good corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1M Hydrochloric acid solution. At 800 ppm, the maximum efficiency was found to be 85.78 percent. The Langmuir isotherm was followed by the adsorption of isolated flavonoid extract on a mild steel surface. Potentiodynamic studies show that isolated flavonoid extract acts as a mixed type inhibitor, primarily as an anodic inhibitor. EIS measurements revealed that higher the inhibitor concentration raised the resistance of the base metal electrode while diminish its inductance. The presence of negative ΔG values designates that the adsorption of isolated flavonoid extract on base metal to be spontaneous. Because Ea gradually increases to inhibitor concentration, the efficiency barrier for the corrosion interaction increases as well. The surface morphology and defensive film of the thin layer on base metal are investigated using SEM analysis and EDAX spectra. Mass loss and electrochemical results shows that A.echioides leaves extract isolated flavonoid acts as a good inhibitor.

Acknowledgement

Thanks for Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Trichy for providing lab and library facilities.

 Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest.

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