A Comprehensive Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Potential of Urtica parviflora: An Ethnomedicinal Perspective

Introduction

The genus Urtica belongs to the family Urticaceae and is classified under the Angiosperms. This genus comprises of 46 plant species.¹The most significant species include Urtica dioica L. and Urtica urens L. which can reach up to 2m in height.² Urtica parviflora Roxb. belongs to the family Urticaceae. It is a bisexual, evergreen herb found in damp regions of evergreen forest.^3,4,5 (Figure 1) It occurs at an altitude of 1700-2800 m above sea level and is distributed in India and other South Asian countries.^6,7 This medicinal plant is known by various vernacular names such as shishoon in Kumaon and kandali in the Garhwal regions of Uttarakhand. The plant is rich in nutrients. The leaves this herb possess of stinging trichomes that causes a burning and itching sensation upon dermal contact due to the presence of inflammatory mediators such as 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine.^7,8 The tender (newly emerged) leaves of the herb are consumed as food in the Western Himalayan region. When cooked, they are palatable, nutritious and a rich source of nutrients mainly, α-tocopherol and vitamin C. The herb has been conventionally utilized for various therapeutic applications. Its seed oil is edible and  possesses therapeutic peoperties, and is used in the alleviation of  sciatica, rheumatism and numerous skin disorders.⁹ Ethnobotanically, this plant is utilized in the treatment of digestive, joint and liver ailments while the young leaves are used to treat goiter and associated pain.^10,11,12,13 Allergic disorders such as cough and cold are also treated using the leaves of this herb. It is utilised for hair cleansing and has been reported to treat hair loss. The fresh roots and leaves are used for the management of bone fractures and joint dislocation.¹⁴ The presence of autacoids has also been confirmed in the leaves of this medicinal herb.^15,16 The young inflorescence of plant is traditionally used by local women as a cleansing and invigorating agent after childbirth.^17,18 Fibres of Urtica parviflora are utilized for biomedical applications.⁵ Biodynamic preparations are also made from the leaves of Himalayan stinging nettle.¹⁹ The inflorescences are traditionally employed as a post-parturition cleansing agent and for the treatment of  dermatitis in the alpine regions of the eastern and central Himalayas.²⁰  The plant is considered an important medicinal species due to its diverse therapeutic uses.^3,7,8 Although this species appears promising for health care applications, limited well documented research is currently available. Therefore, the rationale of the present review is to critically evaluate and analyse the available scientific and traditional data related to Urtica parviflora. This review primarily focuses on pharmacognostic parameters and traditional uses to highlight its ethnopharmacological importance and pharmacological activities thereby supporting its therapeutic potential. This comprehensive review aims to connect modern scientific research and traditional knowledge as well as to encourage further experimental and clinical studies to explore its potential as a safe and effective natural therapeutic agent. 

Figure 1: Urtica parviflora Roxb. with its habitat Click here to View Figure

Methodology

Source and Search Strategy

A comprehensive literature survey was conducted to collect relevant information on Urtica parviflora published scientific data up to the year 2025 were retrieved from standard electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. Keywords used for the search included Urtica parviflora, Himalayan nettle, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and traditional uses. Relevant peer-reviewed research articles, review papers, books and ethnomedicinal reports published in the English language were screened.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The present review includes all available and relevant scientific literature on Urtica parviflora Roxb. published up to the year 2025. Studies related to its pharmacognostic, phytochemical, pharmacological, and traditional uses reported in peer-reviewed journals, books, and authenticated sources in the English language were considered. Publications related to other species of the genus Urtica without specific reference to Urtica parviflora Roxb. were excluded. Studies with insufficient scientific evidence, unclear methodology, duplicate data or those unrelated to the medicinal relevance of the plant were not included.

Geographical distribution

Urtica parviflora is mostlypresent in shady and moistareas at the altitude of 1700- 2800 m above sea level. This plant is present in India and its neighbouring nations. In India it is found in multiple states across the Himalayan and southern regions.⁸

Taxonomy^3,8

 Common names of Urtica parviflora

Urtica parviflorais recognized by several vernacular names, including: English: Nettle, Sting Nettle, Himalayan Stinging Nettle; Hindi: Bichubuti; Nepalese: Ghariya Sisno; Bengali: Paharah Bichuti; Garhwali: Kandli; Kumaoni: Shishoon.⁸

Botanical description

Urtica parviflora is a perennial, monoecious herb attaining a height of 2-4 feet. It commonly present in partially shaded and moist areas of evergreen forests.The herb is characterized by widely spreading, stoloniferous rhizomes forming a perennial rootstock. Leaves are dark green, coarsely serrate with prominent margins and distinct venation on the lower surface and bear stinging hairs. They are opposite, borne on wiry and erect stem.The stem is firm, hairy, sparsely branched and quadrangular. It ranges from 25–50 cm in height and green when young plants becoming purple to reddish with age.The plant has a grooved, hollow and wiry stem covered with stinging hairs. The entire plant bears erect, bristly glandular hairs containing acetylcholine, formic acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine. It blooms in mid-year, bearing small greenish to greenish-white flowers arranged in drooping clusters. Fruiting occurs between June to October. The fruits are broadly oval achenes, yellow-green in colour and a moderately flattened.^{8,10,11,12,13} The morphological characters of variouscomponents of the plant Urtica parviflora are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Morphology and distribution of Urtica parviflora

Propagation

Urtica parviflora is often regarded as a weed due to its rapidly spreading perennial root system which is difficult to eradicate once established. The plant can be propagated through vegetative or seeds division. The seeds are minute and can be easily handled when mixed with sand. In early spring when the young plants reach a height of 3-4 inches, they should be transplanted to a herbal nursery, maintaining a spacing of approximately 20 cm and water as required during warm season. The best time for harvesting young leaves and shoots is from spring through September when the plants have reached a height of about 20 cm. Wear gloves during harvesting to avoid stings from the small hairs on leaves and stems. In young plants, only the top bud set should be harvested and removal of the terminal bud stimulates lateral growth, allowing continuous harvesting. Seed should be collected upon maturity while roots are typically harvested in autumn for use in herbal preparations.^19,8,26

Microscopic description

Microscopic examination of the leaves of Urtica parviflora, as reported in previous studies, revealed distinct diagnostic features. The transverse section showed the presence of both epidermal layers with a thick cuticle. Anomocytic stomata were reported to be present on both surfaces. Beneath the epidermis, 5-6 layers of collenchyma were clearly visible, providing mechanical support to the leaf. The vascular system consisted of well-developed xylem and phloem arranged in vascular bundles. Calcium oxalate crystals in the form of prisms were also observed within the tissues. Notably, the midrib region lacked palisade tissue^3,8. Furthermore, powder microscopy of leaves as reported in earlier studies revealed the presence of unicellular trichomes, prism-shaped calcium oxalate crystals, elongated and uniform epidermal cells, and anomocytic stomata. These microscopic characteristics serve as reliable parameters for the identification and authentication of Urtica parviflora leaves.

Traditional and contemporary uses

Urtica parviflora has a been used traditionally for conditions like goitre, cough, allergies, and fevers. Its leaves are consumed as a nutritious food especially aftercooking, which reduces the risk of stinging and irritation.^8,27 It has been reported to be used in ethnoveterinary medicine for treating infected wounds of livestock.²⁸ (Table 2).

Table 2: Ethnomedicinal uses of different parts of Urtica parviflora

 Phytochemistry

Stinging nettle is a rich source of nutrition. Its typical composition includes protein (22%), lipids (4%), non-nitrogen extracts (37%), fiber (9–21%) and ash (19–29%). Depending on season and growing conditions (shade or sunlight), each gram of dry leaves contains approximately  4.8 mg of chlorophyll. Interestingly, plants grown in shaded conditions exhibit higher levels of carotenoids and chlorophyll. The fibres obtained from nettle stems are processed using a retting process similar to that used for linen and have historically been utilized for comparable purposes.  Unlike cotton, nettles can be cultivated with minimal or no use of insecticides. This medicinal plant also contains various bioactive compounds, including autacoids, as well as amino acids such as tryptophan, tyrosine, serine, and aspartic acid, along with organic acids like malic acid. Additionally, it is rich in vitamins, including α-tocopherol and vitamin C.^4,8,15 The chemical structure of the constituents present in Urtica parviflora are shown in Figure 2. 

Figure 2: Phytochemical constituents and their chemical structures Click here to View Figure

Pharmacological reports

Hepatoprotective action

The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Urtica parviflora was investigated for its hepatoprotective potential against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced hepatic injury in rats. The ethanolic extract when administered orally reduced elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), serum protein and total bilirubin. Histopathological examination of liver tissue further confirmed its hepatoprotective effects.^34,35,36,37

Wound healing action

The methanolic leaf extract of this medicinal plant was evaluated for wound healing activity using various animal models including dead space, excision and incision wound models. An ointment containing 5%w/w methanolic extract of the plant was formulated as per the method described in the Indian Pharmacopoeia.  The formulation was applied topically to the animal model at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day. Wound healing was assessed based on granulation tissue weight, wound contraction rate, breaking strength, epithelialization period and histopathological and hydroxyproline parameters. The extract demonstrated significant tissue regeneration activity in the treated group compared to the control.⁴

Anti-oxidant action

Various in vitro assays, including DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power assay, and nitric oxide scavenging, were employed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the hydro-methanolic extract of this medicinal herb. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard for comparison. The extract demonstrated the ability to mitigate cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species.⁷ The phytoconstituents present in the leaves exhibited significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. These bioactive compounds are likely responsible for the observed antioxidant effects. Overall, the extract of Urtica parviflora owing to its antioxidant potential, represents a valuable plant-derived source for combating oxidative stress.⁷ 

Cardio-protective action

The cardioprotective potential of the hydroethanolic extract of Urtica parviflora leaves was evaluated in a doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity animal model. The extract protected myocardial tissue by modulating oxidative stress markers. It also significantly reduced elevated levels of biochemical markers associated with cardiac and tissue damage. The hydroethanolic extract demonstrated a significant cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats.³⁸ Additionally, Urtica parviflora prevented isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity by enhancing endogenous antioxidant activity. The observed effects may be attributed to its antioxidant mechanisms and improvement in myocardial biomarkers.³⁰ 

Nephroprotective action

An extract of Urtica parviflora showed significant nephroprotective potential against paracetamol (PCM)-induced nephrotoxicity in rat models. A decrease in the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) confirmed this pharmacological effect.³⁹ 

Hypoglycemic action

The aqueous extract of the leaves of Urtica parviflora exhibits marked glucose-lowering effects, primarily through the inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption. The observed hypoglycaemic effect is likely attributed to the presence of various bioactive compounds including polyphenols.⁴⁰ The extract also effectively suppresses α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The study demonstrated significant antihyperglycaemic activity thereby justifying the traditional use of this plant in the management of diabetes mellitus.²⁶

Anticancer action

Extracts from Urtica species (U. dioica and U. parviflora) exhibited potential anticancer effects against the MDA-MB-231 (TNBC) cell line and demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity toward normal cell lines (HEK293T), suggesting their relative safety and therapeutic potential.⁴¹ Hence, These findings may be valuable for the development of herbal, target-specific therapies for breast cancer. The pharmacological activities of the plant are summarized in Table 3. 

Table 3: Reported pharmacological activities of Urtica parviflora

Toxicology

Urtica parviflora, a stinging nettle species used in traditional medicine is recognized for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. However, its toxicological profile remains only partially characterized, with notable gaps in standardized dosing and comprehensive safety data. Preclinical studies in rats have shown that ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of Urtica parviflora at doses ranging from 200–750 mg/kg do not cause mortality or overt toxicity. Instead, these extracts demonstrate protective effects against induced myocardial and renal toxicity, as evidenced by improvements in biochemical and histopathological markers.^30,39 No organ damage or acute toxicity was observed at tested doses however, long-term and high-dose safety data remain limited. The plant possesses stiff stinging hairs containing serotonin and histamine which causes skin irritation, pain, and urticaria upon contact.^8,27 While these effects are typically mild and localized, severe allergic reactions may occur in sensitive individuals. Cooking or drying the plant neutralizes the stinging effect.²² Standardized dosing guidelines for Urtica. parviflora are lacking in both traditional and experimental contexts. This limitation hampers safety evaluation and clinical translation as highlighted in broader reviews of ethno-medicinal plants.⁴³Standardization is essential to ensure efficacy and minimize adverse effects.

Future Prospects

Urtica parviflora demonstrates significant potential as a source of bioactive compounds; however, its future applications depend on addressing key research and development limitations. Despite promising preclinical findings supporting its nephroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and anticancer activities, there is a notable lack of clinical trials evaluating its  efficacy and safety in humans. Most available data are derived from animal models and in vitro studies, and evidence supporting clinical efficacy remains limited.  Existing reviews highlight the absence of comprehensive clinical and toxicological investigations and emphasize the need for well-designed clinical trials to validate its therapeutic potential. Standardization of this medicinal plant is essential to ensure safety, efficacy and reproducibility. Current studies highlight the importance of consistent extraction techniques and quantification of active phytoconstituents (viz. phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins) to achieve reliable outcomes. Although pharmacognostic evaluation and phytochemical profiling are critical, the lack of standardized extraction protocols remains a significant challenge. Urtica parviflora is also rich in nutrients, highlighting its potential as a nutraceutical agent. Its leaves are traditionally consumed as food, and processing methods such as fermentation/controlled drying may enhance antioxidant content supporting its application in functional foods and dietary supplements. Additionally, its use in animal nutrition further supports its nutraceutical value. Several studies have demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of Urtica parviflora is largely attributed to its high content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. This antioxidant potential is associated with protective effects in cardiovascular and renal models and processing techniques such as fermentation may further enhance these properties. Recent studies have identified novel phytoconstituents from Urtica parviflora with promising anticancer activity and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, suggesting its potential in drug discovery. Overall, the broad pharmacological profile of this plant supports its candidacy for the development of new therapeutic agents.

Limitations

Most pharmacological studies on Urtica parviflora have been conducted using uncharacterized crude extracts making it difficult to reproduce results or identify the bioactive metabolites. Therefore, there is a need for phytochemical standardization and bioactivity-guided identification of active compounds. Phytochemical research on Urtica parviflora has led to the isolation of a limited number of classes of plant metabolites. However, its extensive traditional use and demonstrated pharmacological activities indicate that considerable scope remains for further phytochemical exploration. Such studies may further expand its therapeutic potential.

Conclusion

Urtica parviflora is a medicinally important plant with a strong ethnomedicinal background which reflects its long-standing use in traditional healing practices. Its rich phytochemical profile provides a scientific basis for these traditional uses, revealing the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents with therapeutic potential. The current study highlights significant antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective activities indicating that the plant may serve as a valuable source for future drug development. However, despite these promising findings, comprehensive pharmacological studies and clinical trials are still required to validate its safety and efficacy. Continued investigation will help clarify its therapeutic potential and support its integration into evidence-based medicine. 

Acknowledgement

The first author sincerely acknowledges the Honorable Chancellor, Prof. Shiv Kumar Gupta, Maharaja Agrasen Himalayan Garhwal University, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India, for his constant encouragement and support.

Funding Sources

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of Interest

The author(s) do not have any conflict of interest.

Data Availability Statement

This statement does not apply to this article.

Ethics Statement

This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any material that requires ethical approval. 

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Abbreviations

CCl4:  Carbon tetra chloride

AST:   Aspartate aminotransaminase

ALP:   Alkaline phosphatase

GSH:   GlutathioneMDA:  Malondialdehyde

HDL:   High-density Lipoprotein

LDL:   Low-density Lipoprotein

CAT:   Catalase

CPK:   Creatine phosphokinase

LDH:   Lactate dehydrogenase

BUN:   Blood urea nitrogen

SOD:   Superoxide dismutase

DPPH:2,2-Diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl