Spectroscopic and Second Harmonic Generations Studies of 5-Bromo-2- Methoxybenzonitrile by DFT

Introduction

Benzonitrile is the child molecule to the parent molecule ammonia to toluene, which had the enormous changing with the consequence of the particular ratio. [1] The fragrances, cosmetics, steroid, aromatic alcohols for color removers, solvents for fatty acids, hydrocarbons and oils are used with benzonitrile as a chemical broker. In recent researchers used Benzonitrile as most excellent solvent and versatile precursor chemical intermediate in many derivatives. Benzonitrile is a cyano group Benzonitrile is a colorless, almond-like odor salt, sharp taste [2] and boiling point at 190.7ºC at 760 mm Hg [3]. Benzonitrile compounds had high toxic and irritating product. World Wide Organization set the range of benzonitrile while using the daily usage products. Toxicity effect used for evaluated in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Which evaluation provided the sharp detail and carcinogenicity, chronic toxicity, and mutagenicity [4].Anisole (methoxybenze) is another form of benzonitrile as it allows for dipolar and dispersion interactions while its capability to be involved in stronger interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, is limited to the role of proton acceptor. In analytical chemistry, the ortho- substituted derivatives of bromo are used as reagents also identified the anesthetic problems and brain diseases are cured through these drugs [5]. The benzene ring in 5-Bromo-2-methoxybenzonitrile (5B2MOBN) has three substituents such that the bromo and methoxy groups are at meta and ortho position respectively with respect to the cyano group. The methoxy and cyano groups are generally referred to as electron donating substituents in aromatic ring systems. The joining of cyano group in benzonitrile and the aromatic ring creates the migration of the nitrogen atom.

Associations of molecular structural design, nonlinear retort and hyperpolarizability were finding from the vibrational spectra studies of the molecules. The structure of the particle has been leaded by the spectra in juxtaposition through quantum chemical computations. For the spectral approaches unchangeable due to different theoretical methods and series of semi empirical to DFT approaches because every method had its inbuilt capacity [6]. To investigate the structural and vibrational characteristics were executed by HF level ab initio calculations. The present letter 5-Bromo-2-methoxybenzonitrile (5B2MOBN) have inspected both observed and calculations method. The literature review concluded that, there are no publications of the title compound 5B2MOBN using the theoretical methods. From the equilibrium molecular structure, parameters and vibrational assignments help to determine the results of the interior properties of the molecules. Hyperpolarizability and thermodynamical properties are predicted using the HF/DFT methods using the hybrid basis sets.

Experimental Details

The compound 5B2MOBN provided a sturdy purity of larger than 99% and used as such without any additional refinement by Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company, the USA. The FT-Raman (FTR) spectrum of 5B2MOBN has been recorded using 1064nm line of Nd:YAG laser as excitation wavelength in the region 50-3500 cm^-1 on a EZRaman, Enwaveoptronics, USA IFS 66 V spectrometer. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum was recorded using 8400S Bruker, Alpha T, and Germany infrared spectrophotometer using pellet technique in the region 4000–400 cm^-1. At the room temperature with scanning speed of 30 cm^-1 min^-1 the spectra are traced. The Fig.2 & Fig.3 shows the association of both observed and calculated IR and Raman spectra of 5B2MOBN. The above spectra are conceded out at the Department of Nanotechnology, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education (NICHE), kumaracoil, Thackalay, Kanyakumari District.

The spectra are computerized using the HF/B3LYP with basic set and the output spectra are monitored threw Gauss sum program, which gives the Raman intensities spectra directly [7]. This program equating the intensity theory of Raman scattering derived relationship and produces the modified Raman intensities data. The assignments give the same results while compared with the three basic sets. The Raman intensity data also merged with the dynamic basic sets which confirmed the formation of methylbenzonitrile. The calculated vibrational frequencies are tabulated as shown in Table. 3.

Computational Details

The GAUSSIAN 09W program is used for predicted  the quantum computational calculations of 5B2MOBN with the original version with three parameter functional by way of applying ab-initio Becke-Lee-Yang-Parr hybrid method in correlations HF/B3LYP [8] level with basis set on Intel Core i3 3.3GHz processor personal computer to derive the complete geometry optimization [9]. Gaussian software is a super positioning tool for developing fields of computational physics like structural analysis, reaction mechanisms, potential energy values, charge distributions and excitation energies of the compound [10]. The single point energy calculation is computing the energies of specific molecular structures and the allied molecular properties are predicted initially. Geometry optimizations calculating equilibrium structure of molecules, optimizing transition structures and energy minimizations at dynamic basic sets. From the second derivatives the energy has been calculated the FT-IR, Raman frequency computing and intensities plots are done by the Gauss sum program. The vibrational assignments with TED are calculated and explained using the Scaled quantum mechanical program using VEDA 4.0.Software [11]. An elevated degree of precision at the customarily considerations along with obtainable linked by the GAUSSVIEW program are made by the molecules vibrational frequency assignments.

Results and Discussion

Optimized Geometry

5B2MOBN compound optimized structure has been illustrated (Fig.1). The stable minimum energy calculated as -3008.21301245 and -3012.6812156 a.u, by HF and B3LYP functional with the standard basis sets. The predicted atomic lengths, atomic angles and torsion angle or dihedral angles from the above method are tabulated in Table.1. There is no data on the optimized structure and equilibrium parameters of 5B2MOBN do not exist in earlier reports through the literature survey. The microwave data are slightly small while compare with theoretical value of the optimized atomic lengths be in the right places to isolated title compound in gaseous phase. The predicted geometrical parameters of the two different basis sets are almost similar. The theoretical values had good agreement with the microwave data. Benzene ring had six carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms which carbons atoms had same lengths and angles and hydrogen atoms had some changes. The molecule have modify in the different chemical and physical assets because of the hydrogen in benzene ring which acts as the trepidation of the valence electron distribution. The recent molecule interactions to the substituents are indicating the benzene ring angular changes [12].

Figure 1: Optimized structure of 5B2MOBN. Click here to View figure

 

The molecule has seven carbons bonds, six C–H, two C-O, C–N and C-Br bonds. There is no crystal structure for the 5B2MOBN,benzene ring appears a small hazy with carbon to carbon atom bond length next to the substitutions place (≈1.40Å) longer than the carbon bond (C5-6) in the middle of the ring substituted in the bromo (≈1.36Å). The distorted elucidates that the substituted on the ring can affect the hybridization and bond lengths of the carbon atoms. The bond length of C-C increase while compare with benzene ring this shows the angle between substituted atoms has little modified hexagonal structure of the angles. From that result, it is found that the benzene ring has almost the same length of the all carbons bond and deviation should be around 0.005 Å it only corresponds with the earlier reports. The length of the C≡N bond had 1.15Å is computed by both basic sets and 1.13 Å is observed for the benzonitrile in early results. Both results had good correlation and the minimum deviation level is 0.02Å, whose result is shorter than the single bond carbon and bromo group as valued is 1.13 Å for both the basis sets. At last, the length of the carbon bromo bond is calculated and merged with the observed value as 1.88 Å which is reported by M. Elanthiraiyan et al [13]. The angles between the bonds have been predicted by an atom that has tae corresponding results while comparing with the microwave data.

Table 1: Equilibrium parameters of 5B2MOBN.

Bond Length(Å)	HF	B3LYP	Exp	Bond Angle(°)	HF	B3LYP	Dihedral Angle(°)	HF	B3LYP
C1-O2	1.43	1.43	1.44	O2-C1-H12	109	109	C9-C10-N11-H14-1	180	180
C1-H12	1.07	1.07	0.98	O2-C1-H13	109	109	C9-C10-N11-H14-2	180	180
C1-H13	1.07	1.07	0.95	O2-C1-H14	109	109	H12-C1-O2-C3	-90	-60
C1-H14	1.07	1.07	0.95	H12-C1-H13	109	109	H13-C1-O2-C3	30	60
O2-C3	1.3	1.43	1.37	H12-C1-H14	109	109	H14-C1-O2-C3	150	180
C3-C4	1.4	1.4	1.402	H13-C1-H14	109	109	C1-O2-C3-C4	0	-30
C3-C9	1.4	1.4	0.95	C1-O2-C3	120	109	C1-O2-C3-C9	180	150
C4-C5	1.36	1.4	1.438	O2-C3-C4	120	120	O2-C3-C4-C5	180	180
C4-H15	1.07	1.07	0.95	O2-C3-C9	120	120	O2-C3-C4-H15	0	0
C5-C6	1.36	1.4	1.384	C4-C3-C9	119	120	C9-C3-C4-C5	0	0
C5-H16	1.07	1.07	0.95	C3-C4-C5	120	120	C9-C3-C4-H15	-180	-180
C6-Br7	1.91	1.91	1.88	C3-C4-H15	120	120	O2-C3-C9-C8	-180	180
C6-C8	1.36	1.4	1.38	C5-C4-H15	120	120	O2-C3-C9-C10	0	0
C8-C9	1.4	1.4	1.38	C4-C5-C6	121	120	C4-C3-C9-C8	0	0
C8-H17	1.07	1.07	0.95	C4-C5-H16	120	120	C4-C3-C9-C10	180	180
C9-C10	1.4	1.4	1.4	C6-C5-H16	120	120	C3-C4-C5-C6	0	0
C10-N11	1.15	1.15	1.13	C5-C6-Br7	120	120	C3-C4-C5-H16	180	180
				C5-C6-C8	121	120	H15-C4-C5-C6	180	180
				Br7-C6-C8	120	120	H15-C4-C5-H16	0	0
				C6-C8-C9	120	120	C4-C5-C6-Br7	-180	-180
				C6-C8-H17	120	120	C4-C5-C6-C8	0	0
				C9-C8-H17	120	120	H16-C5-C6-Br7	0	0
				C3-C9-C8	119	120	H16-C5-C6-C8	-180	180
				C3-C9-C10	120	120	C5-C6-C8-C9	0	0
				C8-C9-C10	120	120	C5-C6-C8-H17	180	180
							Br7-C6-C8-C9	-180	180
							Br7-C6-C8-H17	0	0
							C6-C8-C9-C3	0	0
							C6-C8-C9-C10	-180	-180
							H17-C8-C9-C3	-180	180
							H17-C8-C9-C10	0	0

 

Vibrational Spectra

There are 45 vibrational assignments are assigns for the 5B2MOBN molecule. In the 45 assignments C1 point group symmetry. Every vibration intended for N atomic molecules had 2N-3 and N-3 is both bending. As a result 14 in-planes (β) and 9 out of plane (δ) bending are identified for 5B2MOBN 28 of all 45 vibrations.

In the novel compound of 5B2MOBN are premeditated the harmonic vibrational frequencies at B3LYP level by various basis sets have specified in Table.2. Experimental data and the portrayals alarming the mission also have designated in Table 2 gives the coherent basis for the assignments and shows that the molecules assignments as well as IR & Raman intensities of the title molecule. In Figs.2 and 3 shows the comparisons of experimental and calculated spectra.

CH Vibrations

Four kinds of CH moieties are calculated in the title compound 5B2MOBN. In this CH moieties have been listed, six CH stretching, in plane as well as torsion vibrations. The scenery of the substituent does not align because of these stretching vibrations. The stretching has most feasible frequency between the regions at 3100-3000cm^-1 [14]. The calculated stretching vibrations of the title compound region, in between 3202-3005cm^-1. There is no experimental frequencies have been observed. The calculated CH in-plane bending vibrations of 5B2MOBN occurs in the region of 1600-1100cm^-1 and observed FTIR and FTR spectra at 1532, 1517, 1480, 1429, 1250, 1175, 1125 cm^-1 and 1482, 1312, 1214 cm^-1, respectively. The CH out-of-plane bending occurs at the region 950-800cm^-1 generally. The calculated out-of-plane bending vibrations of 5B2MOBN are found at 952, 920, 822, cm^-1. Observed FTIR and FTR spectra occurred in the region 876 and 908cm^-1 correspondingly. In this case, the in-plane and out-of-plane bending has been merged with the torsion vibrations. Calculate and observed values good agreement with each other.

CBr Vibrations

CBr moieties have been tabulated on the basis of calculated energy distribution and separated three kinds of modes. Six stretching and in-plane bending vibrations are packed in the CBr atom.

Figure 2: Experimental and theoretical DFT/B3LYP FT-IR of 5B2MOBN. Click here to View figure

 

Figure 3: Experimental and theoretical DFT/B3LYP FTR of 5B2MOBN. Click here to View figure

 

The CBr stretching and bending vibrations are incorporate with each other. In the literature survey, the authors assigned vibrations frequency range of 1129–480 cm^-1 while the Carbon interactions with others heavy atoms like Cl, Br, I [15]. The 5B2MOBN compound has the strong both vibrations in the region of 876, 665and 310, 258, 126 cm^-1found from IR and Raman spectrum, respectively. Torsion vibrations calculated frequency of the title molecule transpire in the range at 319, 223, 116cm^-1. These vibrations are very well agreed with literature survey.

Table 2: The observed (FT-IR, FT-Raman) and calculated frequencies (cm-1), IR intensity (km mol-1), Raman intensity (Å4 amu-1) and probable assignments of 5B2MOBN. Click here to View table

 

C≡N Vibrations

In the CN moieties, stretching frequency is the intensively localized one due to the TED for this frequency contains good contribution from that constant value of stretching force. In the benzonitrile molecule, the cyano group (C≡N) vibrational wave number is almost unchanged because of it joined together the phenyl ring as a new substituent. For the aromatic compound which bears a C≡N group attached to the ring, a band of good intensity has been absorbed in the region 2240–2221 cm^-1[16] and it is being attributes to C≡N stretching. Br is the electron acceptor groups; it decrease the IR band intensity and increases the wave number value to the higher limit of the characteristic spectral region. CH₃ is the electrons donating groups, it increase IR intensity and decrease wave number value [17]. These electron acceptor groups are the main impact for the shifting for C≡N vibrational wave number. FTR spectra frequency at 2338 cm^-1 for C≡N (ν) vibrations found for 5B2MOBN. The calculated wavenumbers of stretching vibrations at 2313cm^-1 coincide with the FTIR value. This is the ideal frequency of the whole molecule which confirmed the CN stretching with 90% assignment. The bending vibrations (β) of the molecule for Raman and FTIR spectra spotted at 424, 310, 126 cm^-1 and 665, 626 cm^-1, respectively [18]. These experiment values are well agreement with the calculated frequencies.

C-C and C-C-C Vibrations

Benzonitriles are the substituents cyanogens groups and the benzene ring has almost the same length of the all carbons bond and minimum deviation. The thirteen stretching (mode no. 13,14,20,22,27,30,31,32,33,34,39,40,41) carbon vibrations slouch in the region 500-1850 cm^-1 and ten bending of vibrations slouch above the region 1300 cm^–1[19]. From the research, the six similar carbon bonding can produce benzene the same time that ring vibrating the seven C-C stretching modes are scanned through FTIR in the region at 1646, 1532, 1429, 1387, 1250, 1125, 876cm^-1 and the five FTR at 2338, 1644, 1312, 1214, 424cm^-1  coincides each other. The recorded spectral values of C-C-C bending modes at 1010, 876, 665, 626 and 1030, 126 cm^-1 values are equal with predicted numerical.

CCCC Torsional Vibrations

The ring torsions have been assigned in the region at below 800cm^-1 which is discussed in present paper referred by earlier reports [20]. The IR and Raman spectra peak observe in the region at 734, 601, 520 and 714, 604, 490cm^-1 respectively. These peaks have been calculated at the region at 751, 595, 501, 402, 146, 116cm^-1by B3LYP methods which are well merge with observed values. And these wavenumbers are mixed with CCCN torsions in the investigated molecules.

C-O Vibrations

The observed region 1360–1260 cm^-1 is the best frequency vibration for carbonyl group [21]. For the reason that of its sky-scraping intensity [22] and the comparatively interference-free province in which it occurs, this band is logically effortless to distinguish. Vijay Rastogi et al assigned vibrations of C-O band observed at 1348 cm^-1(DFT) as the stretching mode. M. Suhasini et al assigned stretching vibrations of C-O band observed at 1646, 1629 cm^-1 in the FTIR spectrum and 1633 in Raman spectrum. In the current vocation, the bands observed in 1387, 1250, 1010 cm^-1 at the infrared and 1312, 1030 cm^-1 in Raman spectrum are assigned to the C=O stretching mode of vibrations. The hypothetically pragmatic frequencies are in very good agreement with the experimental frequencies. These C=O vibrations are also shown fairly good coherent in literature survey. The 2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-oxoethyl-3-methylbenzoate has observed at1385 cm^-1 in (C-O) stretching mode [23]. For the title compound, has assigned the stretching at 1387 cm^-1(DFT) and 1312 cm-1 (Raman).

Optical Property

The hyperpolarizability is contributed by the structure, bonding and vibrational of the molecule. The dipole moment (µ) and hyperpolarizability of the benzonitrile is high. In the recent molecule has been calculated the enhanced hyperpolarizability value which is due to the substituent of the benzonitrile. The bond and vibrational results are confirmed the envelope to the hyperpolarizability enlargement of the 5B2MOBN molecule. In the fields such as telephoning, signal transferring and fiber optic cables, NLO enhance the functions for the developing technologies like frequency modulation, optical changing, optical controlling and optical logical circuits [24]. The first hyperpolarizability (β) polarizability (α) and anisotropy of polarizability [25] (α) of 5B2MOBN is calculated using DFT with the above basic set and can be evaluated using equations (1) (2) (3) respectively. The Table.3 listed the numerical values of above mentioned parameters. The electric is the task for the energy of the scheme because an electrical meadow exists in the molecule. 3 3 3 matrix is used for determined the hyperpolarizability. Kleinman symmetry diminished the 27 mechanisms into 10 mechanisms [26].

Table 3: Optical properties of 5B2MOBN.

Parameters	B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p)	B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)	Parameters	B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p)	B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)
μx	0.5231839	0.5425969	βxxx	150.575	106.644
μy	-0.8954072	-0.907651	βxxy	15.7744	21.0226
μz	-1.8846654	-1.8997386	βxyy	30.2549	25.8986
μ	2.1511Debye	2.1742Debye	βyyy	-83.021	-85.125
αxx	169.9052472	166.3009652	βxxz	57.1005	43.6984
αxy	-21.2152338	-21.6155069	βxyz	-45.732	-46.307
αyy	86.3503433	82.8495989	βyyz	-12.325	-15.073
αxz	12.4692927	11.681339	βxzz	17.2665	7.27064
αyz	19.3370896	19.6332495	βyzz	16.661	18.7448
αzz	129.6060502	126.0585381	βzzz	-37.437	-47.344
α0	299.4576×10-33esu	144.5724×10-33esu	β0	1767.4709×10-33esu	1280.1140×10-33esu
α	2587.1041×10-33esu	291.1700×10-33esu

 

The calculated values of α and β are 2587.1041×10⁻³³esu and1767.4709×10⁻³³esu. Ideal molecule urea is used for determined the comparative purpose. The compound has the values 2.151D and 1.7674×10⁻³³esu of μ and β respectively. The μ of compound is approximately 1.56 times greater than that of urea and the β of compound is 4.74 times greater than that of urea (µ and β of urea are 1.3732 Debye and 0.3728 ×10^-30esu with the same method). The recent molecule has steady state potential for NLO applications like frequency doubling and communications that is confirmed by the recent research [27].

Conclusion

From the HF/DFT methods by 6-311++G (2d, p) basis sets, computed the geometrical parameters and optimized structure. The research the experimental FT-IR, FTR spectroscopic studies are investigated first time and explained vibrations assignments with TED% using the B3LYP method. The theoretical spectra are predicted using computational methods and well agreement with experimental results. The μ and β values of the compound were 1.56 and 4.74 times greater than that of urea, respectively. These properties show that the title compound 5B2MOBN had good chemical stability, bioactivity and optics applications for helping the future researchers and innovative thinkers.

References                                            

1. Geskin, V.M.; Lambert, C.; Bredas, J L. J. O. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125(50), 15651– 15658.
   CrossRef
2. Ajaypraveenkumar, A.; Raman, R.G. J. Chem. Pharm. Sci.  2017, 27-41.
3. Chaitanya, K. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A. 2012, 86, 159– 173.
   CrossRef
4. Binoy, J.; James, C.; Hubert Joe, L.; Jayakumar, V.S. J. O. mol. Struc., 2006, 784(1), 32–46.
5. Ajaypraveenkumar, A.; Raman, R.G. J. Chem. Pharm. Sci.  2017, 10, 1309-1316.
6. Ventura, C.; M.; Kassab, E.; Buntinx, G.; Poizat, O. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2000, 2(20), 4682–4689.
7. Sundaraganasan, N.; Elango, G.; Sebastian, S.; Subramani, P. Indian. J. Pure Applied Phys. 2009, 47, 481-490.
8. Parr, R.R.; Yang, R.G. Density Functional Theory of Atoms and Molecules, Oxford University Press, New York, USA, 1989.
9. Vien, D.L.; Colthup, N.B.; Fateley, W.G.; Grasselli, J.G. The Handbook of Infrared and Raman Characteristics, Academic Press, New York, 1991.
10. Murugan, M.; Balachandran, V.; Karnan, M. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2012, 4(7), 3400-3413.
11. Almosawe, A.J.; Saadon, H.L. Chin. Opt. Lett. 2013, 11 (4), 041902-041906.
    CrossRef
12. Arjunan, V.; Raj, A.; Santhanam, R.; Marchewka, M.K.; Mohan, S. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A.  2013, 102, 327–340.
    CrossRef
13. Elanthiraiyan, M.; Jayasudha, B.; Arivazhagan, M. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A. 2015, 134, 543–552.
    CrossRef
14. Al-Otaibi, J.S. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2016, 37(2), 264-270.
15. Samdal, S.; Strand, T.G.; Tafipolsky, M.A.; Vilkov, L.V.; Popik, M.V.; Volden, H.V. J. Mol. Struct. 1997, 435(1), 89-99.
    CrossRef
16. Miehlich, B.; Savin, A.; Stoll, H.; Preuss, H. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1989, 157(3), 200-206.
    CrossRef
17. Colthup, N.B.; Daly, I.H.; Wiverly, S.E. Introductions Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, third ed., Academic Press, Newyork, 1990.
18. Prysta, D.A.; Anderson, A.; Torrie, B.H. J. Ram. Spectrosc. 1994, 25(2), 175.
    CrossRef
19. Premkumar, S.; Jawahar, A.; Mathavan, T.; Kumara Dhas, M.; Sathe, V.G.; Benial, A.M.F. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A. 2014, 129, 74–83.
    CrossRef
20. Chaitanya, K.; Santhamma, C.; Prasad, K.V.; Veeraiah, V. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 3(1), 1-22.
21. Mohan, J. Organic Spectroscopy Principle and Applications, second edition, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2001.
22. Kumar, J.S.; Jeyavijayan, S.; Arivazhagan, M. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A. 2015, 136, 234–246.
    CrossRef
23. Diwaker, Chidan Kumar, C.S.; Kumar, A.; Chandraju, S.; Fun, H.K.; Quah, C.K. J. Mol. Struct. 2015, 1092, 192-201.
    CrossRef
24. Ramalingam, S.; Karabacak, M.; Periandy, S.; Puviarasan, N.; Tanuja, D. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A. 2012, 96, 207-220.
    CrossRef
25. Shajikumar.; Ajaypraveenkumar, A.; Raman, R.G. J. Chem. Pharm. Sci.  2017, 2063-2072.
26. Kleinman, D.A. Phys. Rev. 1962, 126(6), 1977-1979.
    CrossRef
27. Ajaypraveenkumar, A.; Raman, R.G. J. Chem. Pharm. Sci.  2017, 1-9.

---

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.