Fatty Acid Extraction of Skeletonema Costatum by using Avocado Oil as Solvent and its Application as an Anti-Aging Cream

Introduction

The Creams that promising beauty to consumers such as anti-aging is a lot of outstanding today.  Skin aging is a human change caused by physical, psychological and social factors. Anti-aging reduces wrinkles or lines of expression on the face, pigmentation changes and others [1]. Most of the women are interested to try any kind of anti-aging products. Unfortunately, the most widely marketed of anti-aging products recently is illegal anti-aging cream which does not meet the standards of good cosmetic production and contains harmful chemicals such as mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and hydroquinone [2].

The fatty acid is one of the cosmetic ingredients [3] because it can increase the production of antioxidants [4],[5] and make the skin seems smooth and soft. Antioxidants can prevent the free radicals that are the main cause of skin aging due to the exposure of UV light [7].

One of Indonesia’s natural potentials is microalgae or phytoplankton[8]. Phytoplankton contained high fatty acid[9]. Moreover, the fatty acid percentage in Skeletonema costatum was 31%[10].

Fatty acid extract of Skeletonema costatum by using  n-hexane as solvent yielded 31.15% while the extraction by using chloroform yielded 41.46% [11]. Nevertheless, these chemical solvents are toxic. Hence, an alternative solvent is needed for extraction of fatty acid.

Avocado oil was used as an ingredient in the cosmetics industry because it is easy to absorb and contains unsaturated fatty acids which have a positive impact on the skin [12].

No previous study of fatty acid extraction by using avocado oil as an alternative solvent has been reported. This study investigated the fatty acid extraction of Skeletonema costatum by using avocado oil as a solvent. This research used sonication methods which more efficient and faster than conventional methods. Sonication extraction method utilizing ultrasonic waves, 42 kHz to accelerate the contact time between the sample and the solvent although at room temperature [13].

Material and Methods

Main materials used in this study were spotted Skeletonema costatum powder (Production of Laboratorium Pakan Hidup Laboratory, Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau Jepara), avocado oil (Production Healthy Organic Store) methanol pa, stearic acid (CH₃(CH₂)₁₆COOH), triethanolamine (HOC₂H₄)₃N) is used as emulsifier because TEA can neutralize fatty acids, regulate pH, and can dissolve oils and materials that are not soluble in water, nipagin and nipasol are used in cream preparations as additives that serve as preservatives, propylene glycol is used as a humectant in cream formulas, DPPH, vitamin C pa, aquades are used to provide a sense of coldness to the skin as well as a skin moisturizer, aqubides, filter paper, label paper, aluminum foil and tissue roll.

The equipment that was used in this study were common glass equipment in the laboratory, Centrifuge, digital scales, mortar and pestle, plastic pot, Erlenmeyer, pipette, Brookfield viscometer used to measure viscosity, pH meter used to measure pH of cream, pycnometer used to measure density, Ultrasonic Cleaner Krisbow 42 kHz, spectrophotometer UV-Vis US-110PC, Skin analyzer Luvance, and analysis of fatty acid composition using instruments FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) Prestige-21 Shimadzu, and GC-MS QP2010S SHIMADZU.

Lipid Extraction of Skeletonema costatum

As much as 0.1 g of dry biomass of Skeletonema costatum put in Erlenmeyer 50 mL, then added avocado oil in the ratio of 1:10 w/V,  1:20 w/V, 1:25 w/V, 1:30 w/V, 1:35 w/V, and 1:40 w/V then extracted by means of ultrasonic (sonicator) with 42 kHz at  temperature range of  50-55^oC for 6 hours, then centrifuged to separate the extract biomass with avocado oil. The lipid was then analyzed using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) Prestige-21 Shimadzu, and GCMS QP2010S SHIMADZU to determine its fatty acid composition.

Figure 1: Skeletonema costatum crude extract Click here to View figure

 

Production of Skeletonema Costatum Cream

Skeletonema costatum cream is M/A type or called vanishing cream semi-solid. Vanishing cream is emulsion, contains approximately 60% water and used for external skin [14], [15]

Production of Skeletonema costatum cream and control cream composed of two phase. The first phase is oil phase consists of the highest lipid of Skeletonema costatum crude extract, stearic acid, and triethanolamine (TEA). The second phase is aqueous phase consists of aquadest, nipagin, nipasol, propylene glycol.

For Oil phase, dissolve Skeletonema costatum crude extract and stearic acid in hot motrar and added TEA. For Aqueous phase, dissolve nipagin and nipasol with propylene glycol and added aquades. A pour aqueous phase into the oil phase while stirred in a hot mortar thus forming a cream.

Tabel 1: formulation of Skeletonema costatum cream

Materials	Control	Skeletonema costatum
Skeletonema costatum crude extract	x	10 mL
Stearic Acid	14,2 gram	14,2 gram
Triethanolamine	1 mL	1 mL
Avocado Oil	10 mL	x
Nipagin	0,1 gram	0,1 gram
Nipasol	0,05 gram	0,05 gram
Propilenglikol	5 mL	5 mL
Aquades	100 mL	100 mL

 

Figure 2: Skeletonema costatum cream Click here to View figure

 

The Skeletonema costatum cream then tested according to SNI 16-4399-1996 standard that is organoleptic test, pH, density, viscosity and microbial contamination. The test of cream effectiveness was performed randomly to 15 panelists aged 20-60, and one panelist as a control. Facial skin texture tests used skin-analyzer at before and after of cream usage. Avocado oil cream (not contain Skeletonema costatum crude extract) was used as a cream control.

The pH test was performed by taking 1 gram of cream diluted with aquadest (1 gram: 10 mL). The pH meter electrode section is inserted into the diluted sample and the number seen on the screen is the pH value.

Viscosity was measured using the Brookfield Viscometer. The sample is inserted into the film tube, then stand for 30 minutes at 25^oC. Spindle used is spindle number 7 with a rotational speed of 50 rpm for 15 minutes. The viscosity value is listed on the screen. and density is measured using a pycnometer that has a temperature.

Samples were diluted with sterile diluents up to 10-6 then homogenized. One ml of each sample dilution in the pipette into a sterile petri dish in Duplo is then poured 12-15 mL of Plate Count Agar (PCA) liquid medium. Petri dishes are shaken slowly until the samples are well blended. The mixture is allowed to solidify, then inserted into an incubator (35 ± 1°C) with an inverted position for 24 hours. The number of microbial colonies in one gram or one mL of the sample is calculated by diverting the average number of colonies on the cup by the dilution factor used.

Measurement of Antioxidant Activity of Skeletonema Costatum Cream

As much as 25 mg of Skeletonema costatum cream dissolved in 25 mL (1000 ppm) methanol pro analysis. Series standards were prepared in various concentrations of 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 ppm. The mixtures were put in volumetric flasks 0.01; 0.02; 0.03; 0.04 and 0.05 mL and added 1 mL of DPPH solution 0.4 mM. Methanol pro analysis was added up to 5 mL, shaken and allowed to stand for 30 min at the room temperature. Afterwards, the absorbance of each solution was determined at 517 nm by using spectrophotometer UV-Vis US-110PC. Ascorbic acid was used as standard [16]. Antioxidant activity expressed by percent immersion DPPH.

Result and Discussion

Extraction lipid of Skeletonema costatum by using avocado  as solvent (g microalgae: mL avocado oil) is 1:10 w/V, 1:20 w/V, 1:25 w/V, 1:30 w/V, 1:35 w/V, 1:40 w/V obtained the highest lipid of Skeletonema costatum crude extract is 45,37% with a ratio of 1: 25 w/V.

Table 2: Result Isolation of Lipid of Skeletonema costatum

SAMPLE			EXTRACT
Skeletonema Costatum (gram)	Avocado Oil (mL)	Dry residue sample (gram)	Extracted Sample (gram)	Lipid Sample (% w/w)
1,05	10	0,88	0,17	16,19
1,05	20	0,68	0,37	35,24
1,08	25	0,59	0,49	45,37
1,03	30	0,89	0,14	13,59
1,02	35	0,88	0,14	13,72
1,05	40	0,95	0,1	9,52

 

Figure 3: Avocado Oil (a) lipid of  Skeletonema costatum crude extract (b) Click here to View figure

 

Figure 3 shows a chromatogram of avocado oil and lipid of Skeletonema costatum crude extract with ratio of 1:25 w/V. The avocado oil chromatogram exhibited the presence of 6 peaks with the highest abundance also shown at the 6th peak with a retention time of 39.550. The chromatogram of Lipid of Skeletonema costatum crude extract indicated the presence of 7 peaks with the highest peak at shown at the 6th peak with a retention time of 39.560. Based on the WILLEY229.LIB database the highest peak refers to a 9-octadecanoic acid compound known as oleic acid. This compound has MR at m/z 296. Oleic acid content of avocado oil is 55,11% and lipid of Skeletonema costatum crude extract is 56,82%.

Fatty acid extract of Skeletonema costatum obtained by Pratiwi et all, 2009 by using  n-hexane as solvent yielded 31.15% while the extraction by using chloroform yielded 41.46%.  In this study using avocado oil in the content of fatty acid extract of Skeletonema costatum as much as 45.37%. From 45.37% fatty acid extract of  Skeletonema costatum, oleic acid as much as 56.82% and other acid levels as shown in table 3.

Table 3: Composition of avocado oil and lipid of Skeletonema costatum extract

Fatty acid	Avocado oil (%)	Lipid of Skeletonema costatum extract (%)
Palmitit acid	23,25	20,30
Linoleic Acid	13,12	13,99
Oleic Acid	55,11	56,82
Stearate Acid	3,43	2,10
Palmitoleic Acid	–	4,26

 

The increation and reduction of fatty acid content from lipid of Skeletonema costatum crude extract, caused by the result extract from lipid of Skeletonema costatum in the form of triglycerides in which triglycerides are composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol. Sonication process can release fatty acid bonds in triglycerides, so that there is increased  or decreased percentage of fatty acid content.

Figure 4: Spectrum of avocado oil and lipid of Skeletonema costatum crude extract Click here to View figure

 

Figure 4 describes the spectrum of fatty acids of avocado oil and lipid of Skeletonema costatum crude extract. The spectrum proved the presence of fatty acid compounds. The major bands of functional groups were listed below in table 4.

Table 4: FTIR Spectrum Tabulation

Number	Avocado Oil Wave Numbers    (cm-1)	Wave Numbers Lipid of Skeletonema costatum extract(cm-1)	Information
1	3471,87	3469,94	-OH
2	2852,72 2926,01 3005,10	2852,72 2924,09 3005,10	=C-H strecthing
3	1747,51	1745,58	-C=O
4	1651,07	1651,07	-C=C- Strecthing
5	1462,04	1462,04	–C-H bending
6	723,31	723,31	-C-C- rocking
7	–	1163,08	C-O

 

Antioxidant Activity of Skeletonema Costatum Cream

Antioxidants are compounds that can inhibit oxidation reactions, by binding to free radicals and highly reactive molecules so that cell damage will be inhibited [17]. The method used in the antioxidant activity test in this cream is the DPPH method.

Principle of decrease in absorbance values is used to determine the antioxidant activity of a compound. The results of the DPPH method are generally made in the form of IC₅₀ (Inhibitor Concentration 50), which is defined as the concentration of the sample solution which will reduce DPPH activity by 50% [18].

A compound can be called a very strong antioxidants if IC₅₀ <50 ppm, strong antioxidants if IC₅₀ value about 50-100 ppm, medium antioxidants if IC₅₀ value about 101-150 ppm, and weak antioxidants if IC50> 150 ppm [19].

Table 5: Antioxidant Value of Skeletonema costatum Cream, and Avocado Oil cream

Cream Sample	IC50 Value(μg/mL)
A	617,938
B	1.103,711
Ascorbate acid	2,896

 

Sample A is a Skeletonema costatum cream and sample B is a control cream (Avocado Oil cream). Antioxidant activity of cream B is weaker than cream A. Nevertheless cream A has weaker antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid in this case as vitamin C which is the strongest antioxidant. The Cream samples containing microalgae extracts have the strongest antioxidant than do not contain microalgae extracts.

Profile of Skeletonema Costatum Cream

The results test of Skeletonema costatum cream was apporpriate with quality standard SNI 16-4399-1996 about the standards of good cosmetic production. Skeletonema costatum cream is green have a pH is 6.2; density is 0,978 g/cm³ and viscosity is 14,666,667 Cps.. The use of Skeletonema costatum cream does not irritate the skin, it does not itch, it is not flushed and not rough or scaly after it is applied on the facial skin.

Effectiveness of Skeletonema Costatum Extract as Anti Aging Cream

The application of Skeletonema costatum cream on facial skin was seen a smoother skin texture than before the use of Skeletonema costatum cream. Skeletonema costatatum cream can increase in skin moisture as measured by using skin analyzer.

Figure 5: Panelists applicated Skeletonema costatum cream on facial skin Click here to View figure

 

The use of Skeletonema costatum cream for one month on the panelist facial skin shows the wrinkles on the face of the panelist was reduced. The result of skin analyser tests also shows improved skin texture due to an increase of  water content and oil content on the panelist skin.

Two mechanisms of moisturizing cream on the skinnamely; firstly, increasing the capacity of water bound (water holding) in Stratum Corneum of hygroscopic material called humectants. These materials serve to replace the NMF (Natural Moisturizing Factor) that has been released or lost. Mechanism of humectants in skin same as both the NMF and humectants used commonly in moisturizers which derived from components of skin NMF such as lactic acid. Secondly, storing water in the Stratum Corneum layer by oily materials on the surface of the skin. Oily emollient materials help to restore impaired water barrier function in lost lipid areas [20].

Skin examination by using skin-analyzer tool to measure the level of water content, oil content and panelist skin cells. Water means moist/water level of skin. Oil means oil level of skin. Cells means thickness of cuticle.

Operate Skin-Analyzer was put the two contacting dots on your skin tightly and starts to measure skin. When the measurement is complete, one beep signal apprears. The LCD display will show the score.

Table 6 shows a change of facial skin that uses skeletonema costatum cream in the form of percentage increase, percentage decrease and percentage constant based on moisture content, oil and cells. Measurements using by skin-analyzer were performed before and after the use of the Skeletonema costatum cream.

Table 6: Percentage of Changes on Facial Skin of Panelists

Observation	Increase (%)	Decrease (%)	Costant (%)
Water Content	85.7	14.3	–
Oil Content	85.7	–	14.3
Cells	78.6	–	21.4

 

Tabel 7: Precentage of water content

Panelist	age (year)	Forehead (%)		Chin (%)		Right cheek (%)		Left cheek (%)		before average (%)	after average (%)	Result
		before	after	before	after	before	after	before	after
1 (control)	43	38	39	38	40	34	39	34	40	36	39,5	increase
2	21	42	43	44	44	41	43	43	44	42,5	43,5	increase
3	23	36	37	38	39	37	37	36	38	36,75	37,75	increase
4	25	40	41	42	42	39	40	39	41	40	41	increase
5	26	38	40	40	40	35	38	35	39	37	39,25	increase
6	26	40	42	39	39	41	42	42	43	40,5	41,5	increase
7	27	40	40	39	38	40	41	41	40	40	39,75	decrease
8	30	38	39	39	39	36	38	38	38	37,75	38,5	increase
9	32	37	38	39	41	37	38	38	38	37,75	38,75	increase
10	35	40	41	39	39	36	38	36	39	37,75	39,25	increase
11	43	32	39	38	41	41	44	41	45	38	42,25	increase
12	51	41	43	42	43	40	42	40	42	40,75	42,5	increase
13	55	37	42	42	44	42	45	42	45	40,75	44	increase
14	55	39	38	39	39	41	40	41	42	40	39,75	decrease
15	58	40	42	40	43	39	42	39	44	39,5	42,75	increase

Water content

	water content before	water content after
age 20-30	39.214	40.178
age 31-50	37.833	40.083
age 51-60	40.25	42.25

 

Graph 1 Click here to View graph

 

Tabel 8: Precentage of oil content

Panelist	age (year)	Forehead (%)		Chin (%)		Right cheek (%)		Left cheek (%)		before average (%)	after average (%)	Result
		before	after	before	after	before	after	before	after
1 (control)	43	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	3	2,5	3	increase
2	21	3	4	4	5	4	4	3	4	3,5	4,25	increase
3	23	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	3	2,5	3	increase
4	25	3	4	3	3	3	4	3	3	3	3,5	increase
5	26	3	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3,25	3,5	increase
6	26	4	5	3	4	4	5	4	5	3,75	4,75	increase
7	27	3	3	3	3	3	4	3	4	3	3,5	increase
8	30	2	3	3	4	3	3	3	3	2,75	3,25	increase
9	32	3	3	3	4	3	3	2	3	2,75	3,25	increase
10	35	3	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3,25	increase
11	43	3	4	3	3	3	4	3	3	3	3,5	increase
12	51	3	4	3	3	3	4	3	4	3	3,75	increase
13	55	4	5	3	4	4	5	4	5	3,75	4,75	increase
14	55	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	Constant
15	58	3	3	4	4	3	3	3	3	3,25	3,25	Constant

Oil content

	oil content before	oil content after
age 20-30	3.107	3.678
age 31-50	2.916	3.333
age 51-60	3.25	3.687

 

Graph 2 Click here to View graph

 

Tabel 9: Precentage of cells

Panelist	age (year)	Forehead (%)		Chin (%)		Right cheek (%)		Left cheek (%)		before average (%)	after average (%)	Result
		before	after	before	after	before	after	before	after
1 (control)	43	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	3	2,5	3	Increase
2	21	3	4	4	5	3	4	3	4	3,25	4,25	Increase
3	23	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2,5	2,5	Constant
4	25	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	Constant
5	26	3	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3,25	3,5	Increase
6	26	2	3	3	4	3	3	3	3	2,75	3,25	Increase
7	27	4	4	3	3	3	4	3	3	3,25	3,5	Increase
8	30	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	3	2,5	3	Increase
9	32	2	3	3	4	3	3	3	3	2,75	3,25	Increase
10	35	3	3	3	4	2	3	2	3	2,5	3,25	Increase
11	43	3	3	3	3	3	4	3	4	3	3,5	Increase
12	51	3	4	3	4	2	3	2	3	2,5	3,5	Increase
13	55	3	4	3	5	3	4	3	4	3	4,25	Increase
14	55	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	2,75	2,75	Constant
15	58	3	3	3	5	3	3	3	3	3	3,5	Increase

Cells

	cell before	cell after
age 20-30	2.928	3.285
age 31-50	2.75	3.333
age 51-60	2.812	3.5

 

Graph 3 Click here to View graph

 

Conclusions

Based on the results of research, it can be concluded as follows:

The lipid extract of Skeletonema costatum was obtained 45,37%. The fatty acid contents of Skeletonema costatum crude extract using avocado oil as solvent consist oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitate acid, palmitoleic acid, and stearate acid

Skeletonema costatum cream can improve moisture and improve the structure of the panelist’s skin that effective as an anti aging cream. The marked by increase of percentage water content, oil and cells.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like thankful to Anorganik Laboratory, PCA Science Building Hasanuddin University, and Organic Chemistry Laboratory Gajah Mada University for providing the research facilities

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