Sunlight Induced Photogalvanics for Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy: Coomassie Brilliant Blue-Isopropyl Alcohol-Sodium Lauryl Sulphate System

Research plan was proposed for systematic observation with scientific way in the solar cell field of photogalvanics. It was analysis of experimental work under the solar energy output. The study of photogalvanic was done for solar energy conversion and storage by using of dye as Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), reductant as Isopropyl alcohol (IA), and surfactant as Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS). For this purpose, a specially designed H shaped photogalvanic system was used under investigation for innovative results. Different scientific instruments were used for methodology set up i.e., pH meter (digital), microammeter, and 200 Wt. W bulb (As light source), multi-meter, two electrodes (one was calomel and another was Pt), carbon pot 450 k, resistance key. Findings: The photogalvanic cells were studied using different parameters via photo potential, photocurrent, conversion efficiency, fill factor and cell performance. The above values are as follows: 533.0 mV, 201.0 m A, 0.8796%, 0.3066 and 114.0 minutes. These cells were studied for the good results in solar energy field. Novelty: The observed results are very good over previously obtained results with respect to Coomassie brilliant blue, reductant as Isopropyl alcohol, and surfactant as sodium lauryl sulphate system.


INTRODUCTION
Energy is unique key for scientific development of biosphere.Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy are under limitations.Depletion factor for wood, coal, kerosene, etc are responsible for next searching way for energy demand.The scientific groups are on way to search out the alternative source of energy to fulfil the whole world with eco-friendly nature and commercially viability.Thus, the solar energy is the best option to fulfil the energy demand.Solar energy is based on photogalvanic cell and photovoltaic cells for energy transformation.With respect to storage capacity photogalvanic cells are best over photovoltaic cells and due to this scenario, research work has been taken under investigation.First of all, Rideal and Williams 1 were studied on FeI and Rabinowitch 2 was studied on the photogalvanic effect about photochemical reactions.Peter 3 , Hall 4 , Ameta 5 , Bhimwal and Gangotri 6 , Mohan Lal and Gangotri 7 , Gangotri KM and Lal Mohan 8 , Lal Mohan and Gangotri 9 , mixed surfactant 10 , Saini et al., 11 , Tartrazine 12 , Sudan-I dye 13 , Main Progress 14 , transition 15 has been studied.Later on, silver nanoparticles 16 , Indigo carmine 17 , cell dimensions 18 , Xylose+MB+Brijj-35+NaLS 19 , fructose 20 , and single surfactant 21 for solar energy conversion and storage.The observed result are good over previous published results in solar conversion and storage, Gangotri and Lal, 2013; Lal and Gangotri, 2013).It is very cleared from above literature survey that different group of researchers worked on photogalvanic cells but on one worked on Coomassie Brilliant Blue, Isopropyl alcohol, and sodium lauryl sulphate system for better electrical output and due to reason, the present research work was undertaken for scientific investigation.

ExPERIMENT
First of all, we have designed the specific photogalvanic cell for solar transformation of photochemical conversion and storage (kindly see Fig. 1).Specially designed photogalvanic cell having two lobs named as dark chamber and illumination chamber.Saturated calomel electrode connected with dark chamber and platinum electrode connected with illumination chamber.The photochemical electrical circuit was completed by using of required scientific instrumentations i.e., Especially designed H glass tubes, SC electrode, Pot for carbon, Multi-meter, 450 k carbon pot, Digital pH meter,

Variation of surfactant strength (sodium lauryl sulphate concentration) on the photogalvanics
On initial stage of photogalvanic experiment, electrical outcomes were increased on increasing of strength of surfactant and after particular range of strength (ongoing experiment) it reached at optimum position.After optimum position of electrical outcomes its decreased continually.above variation was obtained due to electron transfer process in hydrophilic hydrophobic interaction of large number of surfactant molecule in electrochemical process.At optimum position, three will be required number of surfactants molecules are responsible for results.The observed result are good over previous published results in solar conversion and storage, Gangotri and Lal, 2013; Lal and Gangotri, 2013).The photochemical outcomes of energy conversion and storage are given in Table 1 to 5.

Variation effect of photosensitizer strength (Coomassie Brilliant Blue concentration) on the photogalvanics
On initial stage of photogalvanic experiment, electrical outcomes were increased on increasing of strength of photosensitizer and after particular range of strength (ongoing experiment) it reached at optimum position.After optimum position of electrical outcomes its decreased continuously.Above variation was obtained due to electron transfer process in hydrophilic hydrophobic interaction of large number of photosensitizer molecule (dye molecule) in electrochemical process.At optimum position, three will be required number of photosensitizer molecule (dye molecule) molecules are responsible for results.The photochemical outcomes of energy conversion and storage are shown in Table 1 to 5.

Variation of reductant strength (Isopropyl alcohol concentration) on the photogalvanics
On initial stage of photogalvanic experiment, electrical outcomes were increased on increasing of strength of reductant and after particular range of strength (ongoing experiment) it reached at optimum position.After optimum position of electrical outcomes its decreased continuously.above variation was obtained due to electron transfer process in hydrophilic hydrophobic interaction of large number of reductant molecule (Isopropyl alcohol molecule) in electrochemical process.At optimum position, three will be required number of reductant molecule (Isopropyl alcohol molecule) molecules are responsible for results.The observed result are good over previous published results in solar conversion and storage, Gangotri and Lal, 2013; Lal and Gangotri, 2013).The photochemical outcomes of solar energy conversion and storage are reported in Table 1 to 5.

(i-V) Current and voltage characteristics of photogalvanics
The observed fill factor of photogalvanic was calculated by using photochemical values i.e., Photopotential =533 mV, power point current (i pp )=201 µA, open circuit Potential (V oc )=734 mV, Current at short circuit (i sc )=140 µA, and fill factor value=0.3066,The power point of photogalvanics (pp)=118, (see the Figure 2).system is more efficient than existing cells selecting suitable substances.Present study in photogalvanic as limitation and future scopes as becoming cost competitive with solar power.
Platinum electrode, Microammeter, Resistance key, and 200 W tungsten bulb.We have kept volume of solution up to 30 mL during electrochemical and photochemical process of photogalvanic cell.Water filter was used for ultra-filtration of radiations.Nature of solution was alkaline for pH measurement during experiment.The electrolytical configuration was as fellow: Dye-Coomassie Brilliant Blue, reductant-Isopropyl alcohol, Surfactant-sodium lauryl sulphate, NaOH (1N), Oxalic acid, doubly distilled water.The strength of electrolytical solution were as follow: dye M/5000, Reductant M/2000, Surfactant M/200 and 1N NaOH.Fig. 1 represented the photochemical set up for energy conversion in Coomassie Brilliant Blue-Isopropyl Alcohol-Sodium Lauryl Sulphate System.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Photogalvanic cell: Experimental set up counter electrode During the photochemical process, CBB molecule gain an es from electrode and converted into CBB -and at ending stage, CBB -converted into CBB molecule and oxidized form of Isopropyl alcohol combine with CBB molecule to give original dye and reductant molecule and the cycle will continue.Brilliant Blue dye molecule, CBB*=Excited Coomassie Brilliant Blue molecule, CBB -=Semi form of Coomassie Brilliant Blue molecule, IA= reductant molecule, IA + =Oxidized form of the reductant.CONCLUSION On basis of observed electrical output, we are scientifically concluded that the Coomassie brilliant blue dye molecules are affected the photogalvanic cell more than existing dyes.The surfactant has also enhanced the efficiency of conversion and storage capacity of photo galvanic cells.Our recent reported results on photogalvanic cell about conversion efficiency and storage capacity, 0.8796% and 114.0 min respectively.These values are relatively higher in comparison to previously reported i.e. (0.6163% and 100.0 min), (0.4326% and 90.0 min), (0.5313% and 100.0 min), (0.1469% and 20.0 min) developed by Rathore Jayshree and Lal Mohan (2018), Gangotri KM and Mohan Lal (2013), Lal Mohan and Gangotri KM (2012) and Gangotri and Gangotri (2010), respectively.These observed outcomes (0.8796% and 114.0 min) are relatively lower in conversion efficiency but higher in storage capacity in comparison to recently reported photogalvanic cells i.e. (27.79% and 115.0 min), (9.02% and 70.0 min), developed by Koli et al., (2021), and Koli et al., (2022), respectively.The conversion efficiency, t1/2 and fill factor are recorded as 0.8796%, 114.0 min and 0.3066 respectively in PG system.Potential at power point, Potential at open circuit, power point of cell (pp) and current at short circuit were also studied.The obtained values are as follows: 734 mV, 533 mV, 201 and 140 µA.Therefore, the photogalvanic cell containing Coomassie brilliant blue, sodium lauryl sulphate Isopropyl alcohol

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Current and voltage curve of the cellCell Photogalvanic performance and efficiency of conversionEfficiency of conversion in photogalvanics has calculated by using photochemical values i.e., Power point Photopotential (V pp, )=323 mV, Photocurrent at power point (i pp )=201 µA, Electrode area for photogalvanics (A) and obtained values was 0.8796% (See the Figure3).

( 2 )Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Photogalvanic cell Performance Photochemical reaction mechanism of current generation in the photogalvanics Illuminated chamber (at platinum electrode) Photochemical reaction at illuminate chamber and photochemical reaction at platinum electrode as below: CBB CBB* (3)