Innovative Study of Photogalvanics in Solar Energy Transformation and Performance Analysis: Alizarin Cyanine Green, EDTA and Sodium Stearate System

A systematic analysis of experimentally, solar parameters of photogalvanics has been studied for performance analysis using the D-R-S (Dye-Reductant–Surfactant) system as alizarin cyanine green–EDTA-sodium stearate system. A H shaped photogalvanic system was used under investigation for innovative results. Different scientific instruments were used in methodology set up i.e., microammeter, digital pH meter, and light source (200 W Philips bulb), multi-meter, calomel electrode (saturated), Pt electrode, and circuit key. The photogalvanic parameters were studied using H cell glass tubes as PP (Photo-Potential), PC (Photo-Current), CF (Conversion Efficiency), FF (Fill-Factor) & PA (Performance Analysis). The experimental results are as follows: 733.0 mV, 477.0 mA, 1.7984%, 0.2640 and 180.0 minutes. The observed electrical outputs are better than previously published electrical outputs with respect to alizarin cyanine green, EDTA, and sodium stearate system.


INTRODUCTION
T h e g l o b a l s c i e n t i f i c c o m m u n i t y continually works on energy for scientific development. Solar energy is a unique key in the field of energy and plays an important role as an alternative energy source. Depletion of fossil fuels are responsible for next searching way of alternative energy. Solar energy is based on photogalvanic and photovoltaic cells for energy transformation and storage with respect to electrical outputs. The dye-based storage capacity of photogalvanic are good over photovoltaic cells and due to this reason, D-R-S (Dye-Reductant-Surfactant) system is comparatively good in field of photogalvanics.
In 1925, Eric Keightley and Edward Gardner were studied light action 1 . In 1940, Rabinovitch was studied on light iron based system 2 . In 1977, Iron-thazina photogalvanics 3 , In 1978, Hall et al., were obser ved the electronic phenomena 4 , In 1989, Ameta et al., 5 , In 1999, miscelles 6 , In 2010, Safranine 7 , In 2011, performance of photogalvanics 8 25 and very similar work reported on TB (Toluidine B l u e ) 2 6 . G e n w a a n d S h r a d d h a 2 7 a n d i n order to performance [28][29][30] , and A numerous Photochemists [31][32][33][34] worked and also symmetrical results on photogalvanic 35-36 solar cells. The different group of researchers wor ked on photogalvanic cells but on one worked on Alizarin cyanine green, EDTA, and sodium stearate system for better electrical output and due to this reason, the present research work was undertaken for scientific investigation.

Experiment Method
A Speciallydesigned photogalvanics cell was used for solar transfor mation of photochemical conversion and storage (Fig. 1). The photogalvanic cell has two lobes named as dark chamber and illumination chamber. Saturated calomel electrode connected with dark chamber and platinum electrode connected with illumination chamber. The photochemical electrical circuit was completed by using of required scientific instrumentations i.e., specially designed glass tubes, calomel electrode (saturated), carbon pot, Multi-meter, 250 k Roistered, Digital pH meter, Platinum electrode, Microammeter, Resistance key, and 200 W light sources. We have kept the volume of solution up to 30 mL during the electrochemical and photochemical process of the photogalvanic cell. Water filter was used for ultra-filtration of radiations.

Variation effect of surfactant strength (sodium stearate concentration) on the photogalvanics
In the initial stage of the photogalvanic experiment, electrical outcomes were increased on increasing the strength of surfactant and after a particular range of strength (ongoing experiment) it reached an optimum position. After optimum position of electrical outcomes, it decreased continually. The variation was obtained due to the electron transfer process in hydrophilic hydrophobic interaction of a large number of surfactant molecules in electrochemical processes. At optimum position, three will be required: a number of surfactants molecules are responsible for results. The photochemical outcomes of energy conversion and storage are given in Table 1 to 5.

Variation effect of photosensitizer strength (alizarin cyanine green concentration) on the photogalvanics
On initial stage of photogalvanic experiment, electrical outcomes were increased on increasing of strength of photosensitizer and after particular range of strength (ongoing experiment) it reached at optimum position. After optimum position of electrical outcomes its decreased continuously. above variation was obtained due to electron transfer process in hydrophilic hydrophobic interaction of large number of photosensitizer molecule (dye molecule) in electrochemical process. At optimum position, three will be required number of photosensitizer molecule (dye molecule) molecules are responsible for results. The photochemical outcomes of energy conversion and storage are given in Table 1 to 5.

Variation effect of reductant strength (EDTA concentration) on the photogalvanics
In the initial stage of the photogalvanic experiment, electrical outcomes were increased on increasing the strength of the reductant and after a particular range of strength (ongoing experiment) it reached an optimum position. After optimum position of electrical outcomes, it decreased continuously. The above variation was obtained due to the electron transfer process in hydrophilic hydrophobic interaction of large numbers of reductant molecules (EDTA molecule) in electrochemical processes. At optimum position, three will be required: a number of reductant molecule (EDTA molecule) molecules are responsible for results. The photochemical outcomes of energy transformation and performance analysis are given in Table 1 to 5.

Current-voltage (i-V) characteristics of the photogalvanics
The fill factor of photogalvanics was calculated by using photochemical values i.e., Potential at power point (V pp )=462 mV, Current at power point (i pp )=200 µA, Potential at open circuit (V oc )=1033 mV, Current at short circuit (i sc )=477µA, and obtained value of fill factor (h)=0.2640, The power point of cell (pp)=164.1mv, (see the Figure 2). (1)

Photogalvanic performance analysis and conversion efficiency
The conversion efficiency of photogalvanic was calculated by using photochemical values i.e., Photopotential at power point (V pp ,)=462 mV, Photocurrent at power point (i pp )=200 µA, Electrode area for photogalvanics (A) and obtained values was1.7984% (See the Figure 3). (2)

Photochemical reaction Mechanism of current generation in the photogalvanics Illuminated chamber (at platinum electrode)
Photochemical reaction at illuminate chamber and photochemical reaction at platinum electrode as below: ACG*+EDTA ACG -+EDTA + (4) Dark Chamber: At counter electrode Proposed reaction mechanism is given for alizarin cyanine green, EDTA, and sodium stearate system.

Scientific comparison with past studies in photogalvanics for conversion and storage
All observed results are good in comparison to previous photogalvanics i.e., conversion efficiency and storage capacity, 1. The obser ved electrical values are (1.7984% and 180.0 min) relatively lower in conversion efficiency but higher in storage capacity in comparison to recently reported photogalvanic cells with Indigo Carmine dye (27.79% and 115.0 min), bromo cresol green (9.02% and 70.0 min), developed recent. Therefore, the photogalvanic cell containing Alizarin cyanine green, EDTA, and sodium stearate system is better than existing cells.

Case study in photogalvanics and Limitation and Future scope
A huge proportion of world electricity generation is based on coal industries. The theoretical conversion efficiency of PG cells is about 24-35%, but observed conversion efficiency is quite low (0.7995%) due to dye based photochemical environment. This limitation encountered in the area of development of photogalvanic cells is discussed from time to time. However, over the next few decades, the world will have to significantly reduce its coal and oil use to accelerate climate action. Currently, about more than half of the world energy requirement is fulfilled by hydrocarbon materials.

Novelty of Alizarin cyanine green, EDTA, and sodium stearate system
The Alizarin cyanine green, EDTA, and sodium stearate system is more efficient than mixed surfactants with methylene blue. The sodium stearate has not only enhanced the conversion efficiency but storage capacity of photo galvanic cells in a catalytic way. Alizarin cyanine green, EDTA, and sodium stearate systems have conversion efficiency, t 1/2 and fill factor are recorded as 1.7984%, 129 min and 0.2640 respectively. Alizarin cyanine green, EDTA, and sodium stearate system have potential at power point, Potential at open circuit, power point of cell (pp) and current at short circuit were also studied and obtained values are as follows: 164.1 mV, 1033 mV, 200 and 477µA.

ACKNOwLEDGMENT
Authors are thankful to Head, Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342001, INDIA for necessary research facilities. Hari Prasad (Co-author) is thankful to his research supervisor for scientific guidance.

Conflicts of interest
Authors have no conflict of interest.