Separation and Determination Micro Amount Cd + 2 Ion by Using Cryptand C 221 Via Liquid Ion Exchange Methodology

By using crypt and C221 as organic reagent for separation and extraction Cd+2 ion was performed by liquid ion exchange method, spectrophotometric study for ion pair association complex extracted to organic phase was elucidated wave length for maximum absorbance was λmax=372 nm, as well as experiments to pinpoint optimum condition shows 0.25M KOH with existence 100μg Cd+2 0.25M 8-HQ at shaking time 15 min. with 1×10-4 M C221 dissolved in chloroform the research demonstrate by presenting method in aqueous solution effect to increase extraction efficiency, so that the extraction method was endothermic method, so the experiments shows there in un effect for organic solvent and the more probable structure of ion pair complex extracted was 1:1:1 potassium ion: C221: Cadmium oxin anion complex [K:C221]+; Cd(OX)2


INTRODUCTION
Solvent extraction of Cd (II) from sulfate medium by using bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) dissolved in toluene.Cadmium is extracted by a cation-exchange mechanism as CdR 2 .2HR 1 .Cadmium picrate CdPic 2 in water was extracted by 18-crown-6 into o-dichlorobenzene, bromobenzene, dibutylether, and nitrobenzene.This study, an extraction constant for an HPic extraction was determined spectrophotometrically at 25°C 2 .

EXPERIMENITAL Material and Methods
A biochrom double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer model biochrom libra 560 Cambridge UK with 1 cm path length used for all spectrophotometric studies as well as all absorbance measurements, Electrical balance CE, HR 200 (Japan) used for all weight, Electrical shaker HY-4-Vibrator, with AD Just about speed multiple Japan.
Used distilled water for prepared all solutions with suitable volumetric flasks stock solution of Cd +2 ion at concentration 1000 µg/ml prepared by dissolved 0.1631 g of CdCl

General method
Aqueous solution 5 ml in volume contain 100 µg of Cd +2 ion and 0.25M of KOH and shaking with 5 ml of chloroform organic solvent contain 1×10 - 4 M of cryptand C221 with 0.25M 8-Hydroxy quinolone for 15 min.in electrostatic shaker, then separated the organic phase from the aqueous phase and measure the absorbance of organic phase at λ max of ion pair association complex extracted against blank prepared at the same manner in absence metal ion.But the aqueous phase treated according to dithizone spectrophotometric method 8 .And after the return to the calibration curve Fig. 1 determine the remainder quantity of Cd +2 ion in the aqueous phase after extraction then subtraction this quantity from the origin quantity of the metal ion Cd +2 to determine the transferred quantity of metal ion Cd +2 into organic phase to formation ion pair association complex after ward calculate the distribution ratio D for extraction as thermodynamic criterion for extraction efficiency of Cd +2 ion any application therelation below:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Spectrophotometric study for ion pair association complex extracted to the organic phase shows the wave length for maximum absorbance was λ max =372 nm as in the spectrum in Figure .2. Effect of KOH concentration 100µg Cd +2 ion in 5ml aqueous solution contain rising concentration of base KOH, by shaking with 5ml chloroform solution contain 1×10 -4 M C221 and 0.25M 8-Hydroxy quinoline for 15 min.and then complete the procedure according to the general method the results were as in Figure 3,4.
The results show 0.25 M KOH was the optimum concentration of base in aqueous solution giving higher extraction efficiency this concentration was more suitable for equilibrium formation anion complex of Cd +2 as Cd(OX) 3 -at higher concentration and formation higher concentration of ion pair complex with crypt and C221 according to thermodynamic relations below.
Any concentration of KOH less than optimum not suitable to reached favorable equilibrium and effect to decrease extraction efficiency, so that any concentration of KOH more than optimum value effect to decline extraction efficiency also because this concentration effect to prevent formation of ion pair complex by masking K + ion and not bonding with C221 9 .

Effect Metal Ion Concentration
Extraction Cd +2 ion from 5ml aqueous solution contain rising quantity of this metal ion and 0.25 M KOH after shaking with 5ml chloroform solution contain 1×10 -4 M C221 and 0.25M 8-HQ as detailed in general method the results were as in Figures 5,6.

Fig. 5. Effect of metal concentration on the formation and stability of ion pair association complex
The results show there is arising in ion pair association complex and extraction efficiency with increasing metal ion concentration until 100µg Cd +2 /5ml which in the optimum concentration of metal ion allow to reached favorable equilibrium for extraction and any concentration more than this optimum value according to mass action law effect to decrease extraction efficiency 9 .

Effect of 8-HQ Concentration
According to general method extracted 100µg Cd 2+ in 5 ml aqueous solutions contain 0.25M KOH by shaking in electrostatic shaker for 15 min.with 5ml chloroform contain 1×10 -4 M C221 and rising concentrations of 8-HQ.The results were as in Figures 7, 8.

Fig. 6. Effect of metal concentration on extraction efficiency
The results appear 0.25M 8-HQ was the optimum concentration effect to give favorable and best equilibrium for formation ion pair association complex any concentration less than optimum giving decrease in extraction efficiency so that any concentration more than optimum giving decline in extraction efficiency also because this concentrations effect to decrease anion complex Cd (OX) 3 -and decrease ion pair complex formation and stability 9 .

Shaking Time Effect
From 5 ml aqueous solution 1000 µg Cd 2+ was extracted at all optimum condition according to general method except at different shaking times the results were as in Figures 9,10.The results show 15 min.was the optimum shaking time to give maximum extraction efficiency with high concentration and stability of ion pair complex extracted, any shaking time as kinetic side of extraction method less than optimum not allow to reach best thermodynamic equilibrium, so that shaking time more than optimum effect to decrease the extraction efficiency by effect of increase backward direction of equilibrium and increase dissociation of complex.

Effect of Cryptand C221 Concentration
Extracted100 µg Cd 2+ ion from 5 ml aqueous solutions at optimum conditions by using rising concentrations of Cryptand C221 according to general method.The results demonstrated in Figures 11,12  The results show there is a linear relation effect for rising concentration of C221 on formation and stability of ion pair complex extracted so that extraction efficiency, whereas C221 concentration is thermodynamic parameter effect with increasing concentration to increase the rate of forward direction for thermodynamic equilibrium to formation ion pair association complex.

Effect of Methanol
100 µg Cd 2+ in 5 ml aqueous solutions was extracted according to general method in the presence rising percentage of methanol CH 3 OH in aqueous solutions.The results were as in Figures 13,14.The results show there is an increase in extraction efficiency in the presence of methanol in aqueous solution and the maximum increasing reached at 30% CH 3 OH and decreasing after that because methanol in aqueous phase to give rise to decrease the polarity and dielectric constant of aqueous solution and destroyed the hydration shell of metal ion this effect to decrease the forward direction of equilibrium and increase the formation of ion pair association complex and reached maximum behavior at 30% CH 3 OH any percentage more than optimum value effect to decrease extraction efficiency because the very more decline in polarity of aqueous solution effect to transfer some of cryptand C221 to the aqueous phase and decrease it concentration in organic phase so that increase the ion pair association complex in organic phase and extraction efficiency.

Effect of Temperature
100 µg Cd 2+ ion in 5 ml aqueous solutions was extracted according to general procedure at different temperature.The results were as in Figures 15,16.From the slope of straight line relation of K ex with 1/T K and the relations below calculated thermodynamic data 10 as in Table 1.

Table. 1: Thermodynamic data for extraction Cd 2+ ion
The results appear extraction method was endothermic and the small value of enthalpy ΔH ex appear there is an effective approach between ions in ion pair association complex with high stability, so that high value of entropy show the method was entropic in region.

Effect of Organic Solvent
100 µg Cd 2+ ion in 5 ml aqueous solutions was extracted according to general method by using different organic solvents for cryptand C221 differ in dielectric constant.The results were as in Table 2.
The results appear there is not any linear relation between dielectric constant of organic solvents and extraction efficiency but there is an effect for organic solvent structure on extraction efficiency which is surely demonstrated participation of organic solvent in the formation and stability of ion pair association complex 12 .

Interferences Effect
Extracted 100 µg Cd 2+ from 5 ml aqueous solutions at optimum conditions according to general method in the presence 0.01M interferences.The results were as in Table (3).
The results appear there is an interference effect for all metal cation used that is mean participation these metal cations to formation ion pair association complex which is consumption some of 8-HQ and cryptand C221 and to give arise to decline the concentration of 8-HQ than optimum necessary to formation ion pair complex with Cd 2+ ion and giving decrease in extraction efficiency 13 .

Stoichiometry
By application two spectrophotometric method slope analysis and slope ratio according to general method the results demonstrated as in Figures 17, 18  From the slope ratio 1.825 and the slope in slope analysis 0.755 demonstrate the more probable structure of ion pair complex extracted was 1:1:1 [K-C221] + ;Cd(OX) 3 -.

Spectrophotometric Determination
In spite of determination Cd 2+ ion in different samples preparing calibration curve as in Figure .19.

CONCLUSION
The optimum concentration of KOH base in aqueous solution giving higher extraction efficiency ,its suitable for equilibrium formation anion complex of Cd(II),there is arising in ion pair association complex and extraction efficiency with increasing metal ion concentration,the optimum concentration of 8-HQ giving best equilibrium for formation ion pair association complex, there is an increase in extraction efficiency in the presence of methanol in aqueous solution, extraction method was endothermic, there is not any linear relation between dielectric constant of organic solvents and extraction efficiency but there is an effect for organic solvent structure on extraction efficiency, there is an interference effect for all metal cation used as interferences that is mean participation these cations to formation ion pair association complex which is consumption some of 8-HQ and cryptand C221,the more probable structure of ion pair complex extracted was 1:1:1 [K-C221] + ;Cd(OX) 3 -.
2 .H 2 O in 100 ml distilled water contain 1 ml of cons.HCl by used volumetric flask 100 ml in volume other working solution prepared by dilution with distilled water in sufficiently volumetric flasks.2M 8-Hydroxy quinoline prepared by dissolved fixed quantity in chloroform by used volumetric flask.Cryptand C221 preparing at 1×10 -2 M by dissolved adequate weight in suitable volume of chloroform by used volumetric flask.And other solution for extraction and determination prepared as needed.

Fig. 3 .Fig. 4 .
Fig. 3. Effect of KOH concentration on the formation and stability of ion pair association complex

Fig. 13 .Fig. 14 .
Fig. 13.Effect of methanol on the formation and stability of ion pair association complex

Fig. 18
Fig. 18.A : Effect of C221 concentration on formation and stability of ion pair complex.B : Effect of Cd (II) concentration on formation and stability of ion pair complex

Table . 2: Effect of organic solvents on extraction efficiency of Cd 2+ ion
Fig.