Effluents Quality of Woolen Industrial Units and Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plant at Jorbir , Bikaner , Rajasthan ( India )

Bikaner is one of the largest woolen scouring processing and industrial hub of the Asia. There are large no. Of woolen scouring and dying units in this city. However there are certain rules and regulations regarding the effluents expulsion and pollution control standards provided by national and international laws. The present work is an attempt for assessment of effluent and pollution parameters followed by woolen units as well as the efficiency of city waste water treatment plant. However subject is significantly related with public health , but the result s shows a poor performance and unawareness of state government.


INTRODUCTION
The woolen industry of Bikaner is known to be one of the oldest and most revenue generating economic activity.The woolen industrial market "mandi" of Bikaner which is the exclusive one in the entire Asia region in terms of size has made the place a famous carpet-weaving destination of Rajasthan.With this regard a separated carpet and textile industry zone is under establishment in Bikaner in RIICO karni industrial area, Bikaner.
water includes the natural impurities in the fibers used, and the processing chemicals.
The entire liquid waste from the Carpet and Wool Dying industry comes from the following operation of slashing (or sizing), scouring and desizing, bleaching, mercerizing, dying, and finishing.
Enzymes are usually used in India to hydrolyze the starch; acids may also be used for this purpose.Caustic soda, soda ash, detergents etc re used in scouring in Kier boilers.Replacement of soap used in scouring by low BOD detergents may reduce BOD load by 35%.About 50% of the total pollution load of the mill is contributed by this section.
Bleaching operations use oxidizing chemicals like peroxides and hypochlorite to remove natural coloring materials.This section contributes about 10% of the total pollution load.1.
Mercerizing consists of passing the cloth/ wool through 20% caustic soda solution.The process improves the strength, elasticity, luster and dye affinity.Waste from this section is recycled after sodium hydroxide recovery.Negligible waste which may come out of this section contributes little BOD but a high degree of alkalinity.

2.
Dying may be done in various ways, using different types of dyes and auxiliary chemicals.Classes of dye used include vat dyes, developing dyes, naphthol dyes, sulfur dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes etc.Some years ago, Govt. of india had handed over its responsibilities of implementation and monitoring of industrial effluent standards to the central pollution control board and related state pollution control board, whose prime aim is to promote the industries, not to penalize them for the cause of environmental pollution.However, this implementation and monitoring of standards given to cpcb has no longer effectives.In Bikaner, all most all water resources have turned to ecologically dead due to indiscriminate discharge of sewerage and other industrial effluents thought its stretch passing across the city.Moreover, the large fraction of number of industrial set up has been set up in Bikaner city.Among them, more than 40 percent of the industries are of water polluting nature and hence the overall industrial pollution in the Bikaner is even very high and more serious. .Most of these establishments are in the near by or attached public residential area.To address the pollution from the dying industries and domestic sewerage, five years back, a biological treatment plant has been constructed at Jorbir areain Bikaner, it has been said that this treatment plant is also not functioning well and expected results has not been achieved.So to address the issues of woolen industrial; pollution, Efficiency of treatment plant and compliance monitoring of some selected 10 wool Dying industries were aimed from this study.

ExPERIMENTAL
Ten major woolen industries situated in different Industrial areas of Bikaner City were selected for the study purpose.Besides of these woolen industries the city waste water treatment plant was also selected and studied with respect to analyse its treatment efficiency.Samples were duly collected and analysed with reference to using standard methods and tested against eight parameters in high quality laboratory during the period of Aug-2011 to JAN-2012.All the reagents were used of AR grade and glassware used of standard quality.
Effluent analysis of ten selected woolen units was found to be of very high degree of pollutants  containing and violating the standard parameters TDS was found to be of range 38-348 mg/l.Three samples S3, S4, S9 were found to be of high value TDS.258, 310, 348 respectively.BOD for all the ten samples was found to be above the standard limits S9 was found to be of very high BOD value -1750mg/l.Simillarly the oil and grease containts were found above the standards limits ranges from 19.80-200mg/l.S1 and S9 were at highest value-102.8and 190.6 ml respectively.COD value was very high than the standard limits ranges 110-2000mg/l.S4, S6, S9 were found with avery large COD 1500,1000,2000 mg/l respectively.Sulphides were found at high level than the standards ranges from06-18mg/l.sample -4 was found to be of the very high pH-11.17.
Sample analysed for Jorbir treatment plant found to be with a high degree of pollutants and above from the standard parameters with high value As there is no removal treatment methodology is adopted in this treatment plant, the outflow treated water samples were found almost with the similar high potent value of the heavy metals contain.BOD , COD , TDS OIL contains for outflow treated water was also found to be of above the standard permissible limits.
Results shows that the waste water contains a high degree of the pollutants and the heavy metal.Regarding the treatment efficiency the outflow treated water shows almost same results for heavy metals and other parameters, which are above the standard permissible limits.Regarding the heavy metals lead level was found to be of highest 61.09mg/l.Simillarly other metalas As, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr were found at 15.09, 34.66, 11.55, 8.23,8.37,14.75,14.9mg/l respectively.

CONCLUSION
The pollution load along with its stretch is very high.Among various sources of pollution, wool dying and processing industries are one of the major sources.
Industrial effluents found to be fully loaded with hazardous pollutants including several heavy metals.None of the industries are following the rules & regulations regarding to preventing the pollution and heavy metal exposure to human population even to its own employees.There is also lack of awareness regarding the human health and the adverse effects in most of the industries.Woolen industries are found to be contributing a more regarding to the pollutant effluents as they expel a much of the effluent load.
There is not any perfect effluent drainage system for the industrial effluents in any industrial area surveyed.However much of the effluent lo is drain in to a waste water treatment plant situated in outer part of the city the Jorbir area.Effluents in this treatment plant were analyzed through highly précised techniques and found to be loaded with hazardous pollutants including hazardous heavy metals.Efficiency of the treatment plant found to be very poor as there is lack of management in the administrative system as well as there is not any system regarding to removal of hazardous heavy metals from the effluents.
Treated and untreated mixed effluent water is being used for the cultivation of vegetables on very large scale in the adjoining area of the treatment plant.Regarding to this vegetables are found to be congaing a hazardous amount of the heavy metals, which are largely consumed by the subpopulation and area contributing very serious present and delayed adverse health effects in the subpopulation .1.
The Jorbir treatment plant which has been constructed at the huge cost (544 lac.INR) to prevent the discharging of solid and untreated waste to free land is primary failed due to mismanagement and negligence towards duty, existing as a demo figure only.

3.
The treatment plant is not efficient to treat the incoming waste as per its design parameters as shown from the efficiency testing results.Plant has been found inefficient to treat parameters like TSS, BOD, COD, Oil and Grease, Ammonical Nitrogen etc as per the prescribed government standard for these most polluting parameters.However, plant is efficient to treat only up to 40-50percent the standard level.All the industries establishment should have their own treatment plants and should not allowed discharging effluent stronger than the prescribed standards.

3.
The efficiency of the treatment plant need to be improved and the diversion provision of untreated waste water need to be completely closed from directly discharging to free land..

4.
A mechanism of paying of the operation cost of the treatment plants by individual industries owners and households need to be rearranged and regulated to sustain the operation of treatment plant with improved efficiency.

5.
This kind of monitoring program need to be expanded in other part of the Bikaner city in collaboration of concerned government agencies and NGO's with competent subject experts as well as promotion of research in this field and establishment of specialized hitech laboratory at district headquarter level.6.
There should be an active public participation in compliance of environmental pollution laws regarding making penalties and regular monitoring involving competent and empowered public representatives.

Table 2 : List of Industries selected for compliance Study of Industrial Effluent Standards Sample Name of Industry Established No. of Current Contact person and details Consent NO.
Tibet and Netherlands, Newziland, Australia.The chemicals basically Acetic Acid, LyOZEN SMK, yellow 2GLN, Metal Complex and several dying etc has been used for dying.NA : Not Available of TDS , BOD, COD , oil contants & pH .The inflow waste water sample was found to be of cointaing a large amount of heavy metals Pb-62.6mg/l,